Yezur Wiki - User contributions [en]

Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses

2026-08-28T08:27:32Z

Thiorosan: Part two: replace the pending rows with an index to the evidence subpage, and set out what actually needs a ruling

A working list of Dictionary entries whose English glosses do not distinguish
them. It is the counterpart to a ruling the operator made on 2026-08-21 over
''calf'' and ''bone'': where a language has two words and English has one, the
one-word gloss inherited from the [[#How the list was made|export]] hides the
distinction rather than recording it, and the entries read as free variants when
they are not.

Each row names the language, the competing lemmas, what their definitions
currently say, and a suggested split. '''The suggestions are suggestions'''
— the operator rules, and the ruling is what gets written.

== How the list was made ==

Every row of the '''Lexemes''' table was grouped by language, part of speech and
gloss; any group holding more than one lemma is a collision. Of 3,752 lexemes,
44 groups collided. Inflected-form pages, which carry no gloss, were excluded.

The collisions fall into three kinds, handled separately below: glosses where the
definitions already draw the distinction and only the gloss field was stale;
lemmas that genuinely need a ruling; and one case that is not an ambiguity at all
but a mistake in an etymology.

== Settled without a ruling ==

In these the entry already said the right thing and only the one-word
<code>gloss=</code> field — which is what the collision check reads — was stale.
Corrected 2026-08-21.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Lemma !! Was !! Now !! Because
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|o'}} || fingernail || claw || The definition already reads "claw, talon (of beasts) — the human nail is {{l|YCQ-BE|kio'}}".
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|go}} || ten || whole, full || The numeral sense is already marked ''archaic'' on the entry; it has passed to {{l|YCQ-BE|göj}}.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|bë}} || right || right (hand) || ''bë'' is the right hand and strong side; ''mon'' is right as in correct.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|mon}} || right || right (correct) || As above.
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|gira}} || play || game || From Proto-Andusian {{m|YCP-XX|gida}} ("dance"), and glossed "contest, game" on the entry. The plain verb is {{l|YCP-XA|gidz}}.
|}

[[Dictionary:mum]] was also repaired in passing: its two Proto-South-Andusian
etymologies had their part-of-speech headings at the same level as the
etymologies, so neither nested under its own.

== Part one: ruled and applied ==

''The operator ruled every row on 2026-08-21 and the rulings are carried into the entries; the Notes column holds the ruling itself.''

=== Herta-Olaic: one etymon, two reflexes ===

Thirteen Gaillean lemmas descend in pairs from a single Proto-Herta-Olaic word
and reach Middle Airananwe still paired, with the same gloss on both. Two
reflexes of one etymon is a normal thing for a language to have — but the pair
almost always divides the sense-field between them, and here nothing records how.

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Gloss !! Proto !! Gaillean !! Middle Airananwe !! Suggested split !! Verdict !! Notes
|-
| 1 || stone || {{m|YAP-XX|o:jig͡ɣ}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|oiat}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|oisie}} || {{l|YAR-AI|oyte}} / {{l|YAR-AI|oysye}} || Stone as a material against a stone as an object — the split already ruled for ''bone''. || '''applied''' ||oisie: piece of stone, oiat: material
|-
| 2 || sea || {{m|YAP-XX|kɸaɲɛx}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|piecia}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|qangha}} || {{l|YAR-AI|piecie}} / {{l|YAR-AI|qangyaa}} || The sea as an expanse against a named body of water; or inshore water against open water. || '''applied''' ||synonyms
|-
| 3 || child || {{m|YAP-XX|ᵐbilwə}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|mbila}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|theste}} || {{l|YAR-AI|mbile}} / {{l|YAR-AI|these}} || A young person against someone's offspring, of any age. || '''applied''' ||mbila: a child
theste: offspring
|-
| 4 || burn || {{m|YAP-XX|rkaʒtə}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|awarei}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|reghazhtei}} || {{l|YAR-AI|ooeree}} / {{l|YAR-AI|regyasytee}} || Intransitive (to be alight) against transitive (to set alight). || '''applied''' ||awarei: be on fire
reghazhtei: transitive
|-
| 5 || live || {{m|YAP-XX|ruo:ʃt}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|rocettei}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|videi}} || {{l|YAR-AI|rocetee}} / {{l|YAR-AI|vindestee}} || To be alive against to dwell, to reside somewhere. || '''applied''' ||rocettei: dwell
videi: be alive
|-
| 6 || they || {{m|YAP-XX|aɪʃxe}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|aecei}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|icei}} || {{l|YAR-AI|aycee}} / {{l|YAR-AI|ecee}} || Animate against inanimate; or, given the pair below, the same distinction the singular makes. || '''applied''' ||icei is female, aecei is male/generic.
|-
| 7 || he/she/it/etc || {{m|YAP-XX|xmɑtʲe:}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|athe}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|hima}} || — || As above. The gloss "he/she/it/etc" is itself worth replacing with whatever the ruling settles. || '''applied''' ||hima is female, athe is male/generic.
|-
| 8 || you || {{m|YAP-XX|ixaβ}} (pl.) / {{m|YAP-XX|nwijɔ}} (sg.) || {{l|YAQ-GA|ihav}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|nio}} || {{l|YAR-AI|hyaave}} / {{l|YAR-AI|nie}} || '''Already answered upstream:''' the proto distinguishes plural from singular and Ancient Hertic labels its pair {{l|YAQ-HE|ιαπα}} (plural) / {{l|YAQ-HE|νου}} (singular). Gaillean and Middle need the same labels. See the error below. || '''applied''' ||yes, clearly ihav and hyaave are plural, and nio/nie are singular.
|-
| 9 || in || {{m|YAP-XX|ho:tβ}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|hoth}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|ou}} || {{l|YAR-AI|hoth}} / {{l|YAR-AI|uue}} || Static location (in) against motion (into). || '''applied''' ||hoth: inside of, contained by
ou: more generically "at a location" -> in England.
|-
| 10 || at || {{m|YAP-XX|uztk}} || {{l|YAQ-GA|sou}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|uzh}} || — || Place against time; or a general locative against a precise one. || '''applied''' ||sou: time
uzh: place
|}

=== Herta-Olaic: unrelated pairs ===

These three have no common etymon, so they are simply two words the export gave
one gloss.

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Gloss !! Gaillean !! Middle Airananwe !! Suggested split !! Verdict !! Notes
|-
| 11 || by || {{l|YAQ-GA|ith}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|taw}} || {{l|YAR-AI|ith}} / {{l|YAR-AI|itaa}} || Agent ("written '''by''' her") against proximity ("'''by''' the door"). English merges these; most languages do not. || '''applied''' ||taw: nearby / ith: action done by
|-
| 12 || for || {{l|YAQ-GA|bell}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|wiu}} || {{l|YAR-AI|bel}} / {{l|YAR-AI|iyu}} || Benefactive ("'''for''' you") against purpose or duration ("'''for''' three days"). || '''applied''' ||bell: purpose / iyu: benefactive
|-
| 13 || step-mother || {{l|YAQ-GA|siquiba}} / {{l|YAQ-GA|velna-hwith}} || {{l|YAR-AI|siqie}} / {{l|YAR-AI|velan-huith}} || ''velna-hwith'' is transparently a compound and ''siquiba'' is not, which usually means one is the plain word and the other formal, legal or distancing. || '''applied''' ||siquiba is a more colloquial term, also meaning "adoptive mother" or "caretaker" or effectively "baby-sitter". velan-huith is the formal term.
|}

=== Andusian ===

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Gloss !! Languages !! Lemmas !! Suggested split !! Verdict !! Notes
|-
| 14 || he, she, it || Proto-Andusian and all three branch protos, and Besoh || {{l|YCP-XX|dʰɛ}} / {{l|YCP-XX|o}}, and their reflexes || Two third-person pronouns run the length of the family with no distinction recorded anywhere. Proximal against distal, or animate against inanimate, would both be ordinary. Whatever is ruled propagates to eight entries. || '''applied''' ||dhe: female
o: male
|-
| 15 || hail || Proto-South-Andusian, Besoh || {{l|YCP-XB|mum}} / {{l|YCP-XB|rɔts}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|mium}} / {{l|YCQ-BE|roc}} || ''mum'' comes from {{m|YCP-XX|muᵐb}} ("snow"), ''rɔts'' from a word already meaning hail and ice. Soft hail or graupel against the hard hailstone would follow the etymologies. || '''applied''' ||synonyms
|}

=== Besoh: superseded senses left unmarked ===

Besoh repeatedly coined a new word to escape a homophone — and in one case,
{{l|YCQ-BE|go}} / {{l|YCQ-BE|göj}}, the older entry says so plainly: ''"archaic:
ten — the numeral sense has passed to göj."'' Four more pairs did the same thing
without leaving the note, so both lemmas still claim the sense.

One ruling covers all four: whether the older word keeps the sense alongside the
new one, or is marked superseded the way ''go'' is.

Human note: No, if there is a superseded form we don't keep the word on the old. This isn't divergent, it's just a differing path. If anything, we also don't list "lost final consonant restored" or "escaping homophones"; those are bordering on out-of-character comments.

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Sense !! Older lemma !! Replacement !! What the replacement's etymology says !! Verdict !! Notes
|-
| 16 || sharp || {{l|YCQ-BE|he}} (etymology 3) || {{l|YCQ-BE|heĥ}} || "the lost final consonant restored archaically" || '''applied''' ||
|-
| 17 || stone || {{l|YCQ-BE|ho}} (etymology 2) || {{l|YCQ-BE|hoĥ}} || "the lost final consonant restored archaically" || '''applied''' ||
|-
| 18 || spear || {{l|YCQ-BE|gö}} (etymology 3) || {{l|YCQ-BE|gön}} || "extended with ''-n'' to escape its homophones" || '''applied''' ||
|-
| 19 || new || {{l|YCQ-BE|ba'}} (etymology 2) || {{l|YCQ-BE|beza}} || "Origin uncertain" — so this pair may instead be a real split (''ba''' young, raw against ''beza'' new, fresh). || '''applied''' ||
|}

== An error, not an ambiguity ==

Gaillean {{l|YAQ-GA|ihav}} and its Middle Airananwe reflex {{l|YAR-AI|hyaave}}
both give their etymon as {{m|YAP-XX|nwijɔ}} — the '''singular''' — which is also
the etymon of {{l|YAQ-GA|nio}} / {{l|YAR-AI|nie}}. The plural
{{m|YAP-XX|ixaβ}} has no Gaillean descendant at all, though Ancient Hertic
{{l|YAQ-HE|ιαπα}} continues it and matches ''ihav'' in shape.

Reading ''ihav'' < {{m|YAP-XX|ixaβ}} fixes the etymology, gives the plural a
reflex, and settles row 8 at the same time. It needs confirming rather than
ruling, but it is a content change either way.

Human note: Confirmed - ihav and hyaave are from ixaB.

== Part two: where English is the ambiguity ==

''Filed 2026-08-21, after the operator's rulings above.'' The first list found
places where '''one language had two words and English one gloss'''. This one
finds the other half of the same problem: '''glosses that are a single English
word which English itself splits'''. The operator's example is ''hair'' — the
hair on a person's head, or one hair. Nothing in the corpus says which, so the
gloss will eventually be translated wrong in both directions.

Every row of '''Lexemes''' was grouped by gloss; 258 single-word glosses are
carried by four or more languages. The rows below are the ones where the English
word does real damage, not the whole 258 — the rest are single-sense words
(''tooth'', ''snake'', ''five'') that need nothing.

=== Fixed without a ruling ===

Housekeeping, corrected 2026-08-21 — these were inconsistencies in the gloss
field rather than questions.

{| class="wikitable"
! Was !! Now !! Affected !! Why
|-
| <code>i</code> (Herta-Olaic) against <code>I</code> (Andusian) || <code>I</code> || 4 entries || The first-person pronoun. Lowercase reads as the name of the letter.
|-
| <code>left</code> / <code>left(-hand)</code> || <code>left (hand)</code> || 9 entries || The two halves of one family were glossed differently, and bare ''left'' can be read as a direction of travel or as "left over".
|-
| <code>right</code> / <code>right(-hand)</code> || <code>right (hand)</code> || 9 entries || As above.
|-
| <code>right</code> (the Andusian ''moᵑg'' family) || <code>correct</code> || 4 entries || These mean right as in correct, and now share the gloss the Herta-Olaic and Njeshan words for that sense already used.
|-
| <code>right</code> ({{l|YCP-XA|moᵑgets}}) || <code>the right, entitlement</code> || 1 entry || It is the noun — "the right / law" — not the adjective.
|}

=== The pending rows ===

The rows below were rewritten on 2026-08-28. Each pending gloss now has '''every entry behind it set out with what its own definition says''', at '''[[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two]]'''. That page is where the ruling is done; this is the index.

Of the 459 entries behind these rows, '''285 carry a definition that says more than the bare gloss'''. Most of the list therefore needs no ruling at all — only a <code>gloss</code> field brought back into step with an entry that already answers the question. Those are marked ''answerable'' and can be applied as written.

{| class="wikitable"
! Section !! Answerable from the entries !! Needs a ruling
|-
| [[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two#Two different words, spelled alike|Two different words, spelled alike]] || 6 || 0
|-
| [[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two#Mass against count|Mass against count]] || 14 || 2
|-
| [[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two#Where the word covers a different extent|Where the word covers a different extent]] || 7 || 0
|-
| [[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two#Adjectives running on two axes|Adjectives running on two axes]] || 0 || 10
|-
| [[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two#Distinctions English lacks|Distinctions English lacks]] || 1 || 5
|-
! total !! 28 !! 17
|}

==== What actually needs deciding ====

Stripped of the rows that answer themselves, these are the open questions:

* '''One standing question governs most of the adjectives''': does a bare daughter entry inherit the sense-range its proto records, or is it read narrowly as the core physical sense only? Answering it once settles some three dozen rows across ''big'', ''long'', ''short'', ''old'', ''new'', ''dull'', ''thick'', ''thin'', ''heavy'' and ''full''.
* '''Mass against count''': ''stone'' and ''bone'' are the two the corpus genuinely splits; the other twelve of that shape follow whatever convention is set for them.
* '''Extent''': ''breast'' — the chest against a woman's breast.
* '''Distinctions English lacks''': ''we'' (inclusive against exclusive), ''know'' (a fact against a person), ''say'', ''smell'' (giving off against perceiving) and ''come''. These were never decided rather than mis-glossed, so no amount of evidence settles them.
* The four Proto-Njeshan adjectives have no parent entry to read down from, so each must be stated outright whatever is decided above.

== See also ==

* [[Yezur Wiki:Dictionary structure]] — the settled decisions, including the per-sense translations rule and the reciprocal-link rule
* [[Yezur Wiki:Daily routine/Report]] — the maintenance routine's own flag table

[[Category:Yezur Wiki]]
[[Category:Dictionary maintenance]]

Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses/Part two

2026-08-28T08:26:51Z

Thiorosan: Set out the evidence behind every pending part-two row: each entry with what its own definition says, and a verdict of answerable-from-the-entries or needs-a-ruling

This is the evidence behind '''part two''' of [[Yezur Wiki:Ambiguous glosses]] — the glosses that are a single English word which English itself splits. The parent page said only that a row was "unqualified"; that is not enough to rule from, so every entry behind every pending row is set out here with '''what its own definition says''', not merely its gloss field.

Each gloss carries one of two verdicts:

; Answerable from the entries : The definitions already settle it and only the short <code>gloss</code> field is out of step. No ruling is wanted — the proposed new gloss text is given, and it can simply be applied.
; Needs a ruling : Every entry really is bare, or the distinction was never decided. The question is stated once, with its options; no answer is invented.

Of the 459 entries behind these rows, 285 carry a definition saying more than the bare gloss. That is why so much of this list turns out not to need the operator at all.

== Two different words, spelled alike ==

=== fly ===
Two unrelated English words: the insect, and the act of moving through the air. Part of speech separates all fourteen entries cleanly.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ʃeiɹhə}} || fly || verb — "fly, move through the air"; ''by extension'' "move fast"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ςερχισ}} || fly || verb — "fly"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|cehirei}} || fly || verb — "fly"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ceyeree}} || fly || verb — "fly"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|cheryé}} || fly || verb — "fly"
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|gjuran}} || fly || verb — "fly"
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|kpuŋke}} || fly || verb — "fly"; "take wing"; ''by extension'' "leap, spring"; ''figurative'' "to pass swiftly, as time"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|kpuŋke}} || fly || verb — "fly"; "take wing"; ''by extension'' "leap, spring"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|kuŋke}} || fly || verb — "fly"; "take wing"; ''by extension'' "leap, spring"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|puŋke}} || fly || verb — "fly"; "take wing"; ''by extension'' "leap, spring"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|kiunke}} || fly || verb — "to fly; take wing"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|connu}} || fly || noun — "fly"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|conge}} || fly || noun — "fly"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|chong}} || fly || noun — "fly"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Eleven verbs take '''fly (move through the air)''' — the wording {{l|YAP-XX|ʃeiɹhə}} already uses: {{l|YAP-XX|ʃeiɹhə}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|ςερχισ}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|cehirei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|ceyeree}}, {{l|YAS-AI|cheryé}}, {{l|YBP-XX|gjuran}}, {{l|YCP-XX|kpuŋke}}, {{l|YCP-XA|kpuŋke}}, {{l|YCP-XB|kuŋke}}, {{l|YCP-XC|puŋke}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|kiunke}}. Three nouns take '''fly (insect)''': {{l|YAQ-GA|connu}}, {{l|YAR-AI|conge}}, {{l|YAS-AI|chong}}. Nothing in the dictionary offers a competing nominal reading such as "a flight" or "a flier", and the three languages that carry the noun each carry a separate general word for the class of creature — {{l|YAQ-GA|kennie}}, {{l|YAR-AI|knyi}}, {{l|YAS-AI|gny}} "insect" — so the noun is the particular creature. The Descendants list on {{l|YAP-XX|ʃeiɹhə}} derives both chains from the one verb, which is consistent with this and does not disturb it.

=== stick ===
Two unrelated English words: the piece of wood, and the verb "to stick" (adhere, thrust). All ten entries are nouns, and six spell the wooden sense out.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|dβexa}} || stick || noun — "stick; a piece of wood, a staff or rod"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|βεξι}} || stick || noun — "stick"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|dveza}} || stick || noun — "stick"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|dueesye}} || stick || noun — "stick"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|duése}} || stick || noun — "stick"
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|mutkɔ}} || stick || noun — "stick, branch"; "staff"; ''by extension'' "club, tool-handle"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|mutko}} || stick || noun — "stick, branch"; "staff"; ''by extension'' "club, tool-handle"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|mutkɔ}} || stick || noun — "stick, branch"; "staff"; ''by extension'' "club, tool-handle"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|mukɔ}} || stick || noun — "stick, branch"; "staff"; ''by extension'' "club, tool-handle"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|mukko}} || stick || noun — "stick, branch"; "staff"; ''by extension'' "club, tool-handle"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' All ten take '''stick (piece of wood)''': {{l|YAP-XX|dβexa}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|βεξι}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|dveza}}, {{l|YAR-AI|dueesye}}, {{l|YAS-AI|duése}}, {{l|YCP-XX|mutkɔ}}, {{l|YCP-XA|mutko}}, {{l|YCP-XB|mutkɔ}}, {{l|YCP-XC|mukɔ}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|mukko}}. No verb "stick", and no verb "adhere", is attested in any language; the Andusian five define the word by its material referents (branch, staff, club, tool-handle), and {{l|YAP-XX|dβexa}} says "a piece of wood" outright, comparing itself to {{l|YAP-XX|dwɑl}} "tree". Each branch also keeps "wood" as a separate lemma ({{l|YCP-XX|sim}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|trolliquu}}), so the noun is the object, not the material.

=== right ===
Two unrelated English words, both adjectives: the hand and side opposed to left, and "correct". Part of speech settles nothing here. The pages {{l|YCQ-BE|be}}, {{l|YCP-XB|be}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|bë}} carry several unrelated lemmas under one spelling, split by numbered Etymology sections; only the adjective section is quoted below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ətʒɛnz}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right; the strong side"; ''by extension'' "correct and proper"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ατιηνε}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ezhenna}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ezyenga}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|ejnay}} || right || adjective — "right" (etymology undetermined)
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbe}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right(-hand)"; ''by extension'' "the strong side"; "correct" (third sense, unlabelled)
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ᵐbe}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right(-hand)"; ''by extension'' "the strong side"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|be}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right(-hand)"; ''by extension'' "the strong side"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|me}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right(-hand)"; ''by extension'' "the strong side"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|be}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right(-hand)"; ''by extension'' "the strong side"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|bë}} || right (hand) || adjective — "right(-hand); the strong side"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Ten of the eleven are already qualified and need no change. Only {{l|YAS-AI|ejnay}} is bare, and it takes '''right (hand)'''. The ground is Airananwe's own vocabulary rather than the entry, which carries {{tl|etym-missing}}: the language separately records {{l|YAS-AI|thalcey}} "correct" (from {{l|YAR-AI|tyalce}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|tvalla}}, {{l|YAP-XX|tβɑlj}}) and {{l|YAS-AI|tibhiey}} for the opposite hand, so the sense "correct" is occupied and the sense opposed to "left" is not. Every one of the ten languages in the table likewise carries a distinct adjective "correct" — {{l|YAP-XX|tβɑlj}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|τφαιε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|tvalla}}, {{l|YAR-AI|tyalce}}, {{l|YAS-AI|thalcey}}, {{l|YCP-XX|moᵑg}}, {{l|YCP-XA|moᵑg}}, {{l|YCP-XB|moŋ}}, {{l|YCP-XC|moŋu}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|mon}} — and a distinct adjective for the other hand. Note that {{l|YAP-XX|ətʒɛnz}} lists no Airananwe descendant and {{l|YAR-AI|ezyenga}} no descendants at all, so {{l|YAS-AI|ejnay}}'s membership of that set is inferred from form and is not written anywhere; the ruling rests on the Airananwe evidence above.

Two residues, neither a question about sense. {{l|YCQ-BE|be}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|bë}} are a Besoh doublet — {{l|YCQ-BE|bë}} derives from the same Proto-South-Andusian {{l|YCP-XB|be}} "with lengthening of the vowel" — and will read identically in a translations box. And {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbe}} records "correct" as a full third sense with no ''by extension'' label, unlike {{l|YAP-XX|ətʒɛnz}}, although Proto-Andusian also has {{l|YCP-XX|moᵑg}} "correct" and no descendant of {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbe}} keeps the sense.

=== drink ===
Two English words: the verb, and the noun "a drink" (a beverage). All eleven entries are verbs.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ʎiβtʲə}} || drink || verb — "drink; swallow liquid, take in water"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|λιτκισ}} || drink || verb — "drink"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|libtei}} || drink || verb — "drink"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|liptee}} || drink || verb — "drink"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|litté}} || drink || verb — "drink"
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|bakrib}} || drink || verb — "drink"
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|mobvi}} || drink || verb — "drink"; "swallow liquid"; ''by extension'' "absorb, soak up"; ''figurative'' "to drink in, listen or watch raptly"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|mobvi}} || drink || verb — "drink"; "swallow liquid"; ''by extension'' "absorb, soak up"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|mobvi}} || drink || verb — "drink"; "swallow liquid"; ''by extension'' "absorb, soak up"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|movi}} || drink || verb — "drink"; "swallow liquid"; ''by extension'' "absorb, soak up"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|mobvi}} || drink || verb — "drink"; "swallow liquid"; ''by extension'' "absorb, soak up"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' All eleven take '''drink (swallow liquid)''' — the wording both {{l|YAP-XX|ʎiβtʲə}} and the whole Andusian set already use: {{l|YAP-XX|ʎiβtʲə}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|λιτκισ}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|libtei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|liptee}}, {{l|YAS-AI|litté}}, {{l|YBP-XX|bakrib}}, {{l|YCP-XX|mobvi}}, {{l|YCP-XA|mobvi}}, {{l|YCP-XB|mobvi}}, {{l|YCP-XC|movi}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|mobvi}}. No noun "a drink" or "beverage" is attested in any language, so no entry is in doubt.

=== dream ===
Two English words: the noun (a vision in sleep) and the verb. Part of speech splits the eight entries five to three, and the five nouns define themselves.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ɲoro}} || dream || noun — "dream"; "sleep-vision"; ''by extension'' "omen"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ɲoro}} || dream || noun — "dream"; "sleep-vision"; ''by extension'' "omen"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ɲoro}} || dream || noun — "dream"; "vision"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|noro}} || dream || noun — "dream"; "omen"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ñoro}} || dream || noun — "dream"; "vision"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|mbireiei}} || dream || verb — "dream"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|mbireyee}} || dream || verb — "dream"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|biriné}} || dream || verb — "dream"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' The five nouns take '''dream (sleep-vision)''' — the Andusian entries' own word: {{l|YCP-XX|ɲoro}}, {{l|YCP-XA|ɲoro}}, {{l|YCP-XB|ɲoro}}, {{l|YCP-XC|noro}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|ñoro}}. The three verbs take '''dream (see visions in sleep)''': {{l|YAQ-GA|mbireiei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|mbireyee}}, {{l|YAS-AI|biriné}}. The nouns' extended senses "omen" and "vision" both presuppose the sleeping sense, and the dictionary records no aspiration sense anywhere, in any part of speech. The three verb lines are themselves bare and no noun "dream" exists in the Herta-Olaic branch to fix them internally, so they rest on that absence; the nouns do not.

=== play ===
Two English words: the verb, and the noun "a play" (a staged work). All ten entries are verbs.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ɑkhjo:ən}} || play || verb — "play, sport, do without purpose"; ''by extension'' "dance and perform"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|αιομισ}} || play || verb — "play"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|aqownei}} || play || verb — "play"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|aqounee}} || play || verb — "play"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|aqoené}} || play || verb — "play"
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|gidz}} || play || verb — "play"; "frolic"; ''by extension'' "dance, make music"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|gidz}} || play || verb — "play"; "frolic"; ''by extension'' "dance, make music"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|gidz}} || play || verb — "play"; "frolic"; ''by extension'' "dance, make music"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|gizi}} || play || verb — "play"; "frolic"; ''by extension'' "dance, make music"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|gij}} || play || verb — "play"; "frolic"; ''by extension'' "dance, make music"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' All ten take '''play (amuse oneself)''': {{l|YAP-XX|ɑkhjo:ən}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|αιομισ}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|aqownei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|aqounee}}, {{l|YAS-AI|aqoené}}, {{l|YCP-XX|gidz}}, {{l|YCP-XA|gidz}}, {{l|YCP-XB|gidz}}, {{l|YCP-XC|gizi}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|gij}}. Both proto-forms gloss the first sense as purposeless sport or frolic, and no noun "a play" is attested anywhere. The music and dancing sense that six entries record is marked ''by extension'' and sits inside the verb; it is not the other English word, and the branches keep separate lemmas for the neighbouring notions in any case — {{l|YCP-XX|gida}} "dance" (with reflexes in Proto-South-Andusian, Proto-Unterian and Besoh) and, in Proto-North-Andusian, {{l|YCP-XA|gira}} "play; contest, game", itself derived from {{l|YCP-XX|gida}}.

== Mass against count ==

=== The shape of the problem ===

Sixteen glosses, 165 entries, every one of them a noun. Sixty-eight entries carry a
single definition line that repeats the gloss word and adds nothing. They are not
scattered: Gaillean (14), Middle Airananwe (14), Airananwe (18), Ancient Hertic (15)
and Proto-Njeshan (7) account for all of them, and there is not one among the
Proto-Herta-Olaic or the six Andusian stages, whose lines always say more than the
headword — {{l|YCQ-BE|hoĥ}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|one}} and five Proto-Herta-Olaic entries give
only one line, but that line is never the bare gloss word. The other 97 entries settle
the question on their own page, and in eleven of the sixteen glosses they settle it
twice over, because the secondary senses carry ''by extension'' or ''figurative''
labels which name the core sense outright. The question is not open across the
lexicon. It is unasked in 68 stubs and answered in the other 97.

Three languages, not two, keep a pair here: Gaillean, Middle Airananwe '''and
Airananwe''' each hold two words for ''stone'' and two for ''bone''. The first two were
tagged by the rulings of 2026-08-21; the Airananwe pairs were not, and they are the
only genuine question the section contains. Everywhere else one word covers the
concept.

[[Dictionary:bone]] is the only one of the sixteen with an English lemma, and its
translations box has already ruled: under <code>gloss=one of the hard pieces that make
up a skeleton</code> it lists {{l|YAP-XX|jətew}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|ιετζου}},
{{l|YAQ-GA|eunduz}}, {{l|YAR-AI|undes}}, {{l|YBP-XX|gjotonsra}} and all five Andusian
words — the count sense — while leaving out the two material words
{{l|YAQ-GA|ettuz}} and {{l|YAR-AI|eces}}, and leaving out both Airananwe words
entirely. For ''bone'', then, ''which'' sense is settled; only ''whether to write it''
is not.

Twenty-one glosses can be corrected from the entries with no decision at all, and they
are named gloss by gloss below. They follow the house form for a disambiguated gloss —
one sense, near-synonyms joined by commas, a parenthetical only where the entry
supplies one (''calf (of cattle)'', ''stone (material)'', ''hair (of the head)'') — and
the ruling of 2026-08-04 that the comma joins and the semicolon explains, so whatever
stands after a semicolon in a definition is description and has no place in a gloss.

'''The single question for the whole class:''' must every gloss in this class carry an
explicit mass/count tag, or may a bare gloss stand where the language has only one word
for the concept?

''Option 1 — tag everything.'' All 165 glosses gain a tag. The box becomes
self-describing, but for the 68 stubs the tag has to be invented: the gloss would
assert a distinction the entry itself does not make.

''Option 2 — default to both, tag only splits.'' A bare gloss means the word covers the
substance and a piece of it alike; a tag is obligatory only where a language keeps two
words — six lemmas, four already tagged, two pending the ''stone''/''bone'' ruling
below. Nothing is invented, and the 21 corrections stand on their own. The cost is that
a reader cannot tell "covers both" from "not yet examined".

''Option 3 — fill the definitions and let the glosses follow.'' Treat the 68 one-line
definitions as the defect, write them out as the Andusian entries already are, and
derive each gloss from a real sense list. The largest job, but it removes the class of
problem instead of notating around it.

Two notation points settle themselves under any option: the count tag is written
"(a piece)" for ''stone'' and "(body part)" for ''bone'', and a box read down a column
cannot see that those are one category — one string should serve both; and the tag
belongs in the <code>gloss=</code> field, which is what a translations box and the
collision check both read.

=== hair ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|eɑkʲiəθ}} || hair || "hair, fur; a covering of hair"; "anything fine and thread-like" (''by extension'')
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ακειθι}} || hair || "hair" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|eaoklia}} || hair || "hair" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|eyaankie}} || hair || "hair" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|yángly}} || hair || "hair" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|mamgob}} || hair || "hair (of the head)"; "locks"; "mane" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|mamgob}} || hair (of the head) || "hair (of the head)"; "locks"; "mane" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|mamgoʔ}} || hair (of the head) || "hair (of the head)"; "locks"; "mane" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|mamgobi}} || hair (of the head) || "hair (of the head)"; "locks"; "mane" (''by extension'')
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|mamgo'}} || hair (of the head) || "hair (of the head)"; "locks"; "mane" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' {{l|YCP-XX|mamgob}} is the only Andusian entry left
bare while its own first definition reads "hair (of the head)" and all four of its
reflexes carry that qualifier; its gloss should be '''hair (of the head)'''.
{{l|YAP-XX|eɑkʲiəθ}} should be '''hair, fur''', which is the translating half of its
first definition and rules out the single-strand reading by itself. That exposes a
second split under one English word, and one that matters more here than mass against
count: the Andusian five are head-hair, the Herta-Olaic word reaches fur, and the two
sets are not interchangeable in one box. The four bare entries are the direct
descendants of {{l|YAP-XX|eɑkʲiəθ}} (its ''Descendants'' tree runs ακειθι, eaoklia →
eyaankie → yángly), so if the class ruling requires a tag they inherit "hair, fur"; no
entry anywhere in the group lexicalises one hair, since "locks" and "mane" are
collective and "anything fine and thread-like" is a marked extension.

=== stone ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|o:jig͡ɣ}} || stone || "stone, rock; a hard thing from the ground"; "a tool-stone"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ωιγου}} || stone || "stone" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|oiat}} || stone (material) || "stone, as a material or substance"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|oisie}} || stone (a piece) || "a stone; a piece of stone"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|oyte}} || stone (material) || "stone, as a material or substance"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|oysye}} || stone (a piece) || "a stone; a piece of stone"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|oyt}} || stone || "stone" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|oyes}} || stone || "stone" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|okju}} || stone || "stone" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|dʰɔɣ}} || stone || "stone, rock"; "hammerstone, hard tool" (''by extension''); "anything hard"; "steadfastness" and "a burden" (''figurative'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|dɔɣ}} || stone || "stone, rock"; "hammerstone, hard tool" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|hɔ}} || stone || "stone"; "quern, grindstone"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|rɔɣi}} || stone || "stone"; "hammerstone, tool-stone"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|hoĥ}} || stone || "stone, rock"
|}

'''Needs a ruling.''' Does the material-against-piece split ruled for Gaillean and
Middle Airananwe continue into Airananwe {{l|YAS-AI|oyt}} and {{l|YAS-AI|oyes}}, the
only other language in the section holding two words for the concept? The evidence
stops exactly there: the ''Descendants'' tree on {{l|YAP-XX|o:jig͡ɣ}} branches
''oisie'' → ''oysye'' and ''oiat'' → ''oyte'' and goes no further, and the two
Airananwe forms are among the only four words in this entire section with no etymology
at all — every other Airananwe entry in the sixteen glosses has one. If the split
survived, the glosses write themselves on shape alone ({{l|YAS-AI|oyt}} "stone
(material)" after ''oyte'', {{l|YAS-AI|oyes}} "stone (a piece)" after ''oysye'') and
the four missing etymologies can be filled in the same pass; if it did not, the
Dictionary holds two undifferentiated synonyms needing either a fresh distinction or a
merge, and Airananwe becomes the one place in the family where an inherited contrast
was lost — a claim worth making deliberately rather than by silence. Nothing else in
the table needs correcting: the Andusian entries mark their discrete tool senses ''by
extension'', so "stone" already names their core, and the enriched entries are
consistent as they stand.

=== bone ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|jətew}} || bone || "bone; the hard frame"; "strength and structure" (''by extension'')
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ιετζου}} || bone || "bone" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ettuz}} || bone (material) || "bone, as a substance or material"
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|eunduz}} || bone (body part) || "a bone; any of the hard pieces of a body, especially of a person"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|eces}} || bone (material) || "bone, as a substance or material"
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|undes}} || bone (body part) || "a bone; any of the hard pieces of a body, especially of a person"
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|ytsis}} || bone || "bone" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|undeis}} || bone || "bone" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|gjotonsra}} || bone || "bone" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|famrek}} || bone || "bone"; "the hard core of anything" (''by extension''); "frame"; "the kernel or gist" (''figurative''); "the irreducible part"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|famrek}} || bone || "bone"; "frame, framework"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|famreʔ}} || bone || "bone"; "frame"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|famreki}} || bone || "bone"; "the father's line"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|famre'}} || bone || "bone"; "frame"
|}

'''Needs a ruling.''' The same question as ''stone'', in the same language: do
Airananwe {{l|YAS-AI|undeis}} and {{l|YAS-AI|ytsis}} continue the split their Middle
Airananwe ancestors carry, {{l|YAR-AI|undes}} "bone (body part)" and {{l|YAR-AI|eces}}
"bone (material)"? It is one decision, not two, since it is one language and one
inheritance — and {{l|YAP-XX|jətew}}'s ''Descendants'' section already annotates the
Gaillean pair in prose, "''bone as a material''" against "''a bone of the body''", so
the distinction is recorded upstream and simply stops at Middle Airananwe. Everything
else in this table is already answered off-page: [[Dictionary:bone]] places
{{l|YAP-XX|jətew}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|ιετζου}}, {{l|YBP-XX|gjotonsra}}, {{l|YCP-XX|famrek}},
{{l|YCP-XA|famrek}}, {{l|YCP-XB|famreʔ}}, {{l|YCP-XC|famreki}} and
{{l|YCQ-BE|famre'}} in the box for "one of the hard pieces that make up a skeleton",
which is the count sense, and picks ''eunduz'' and ''undes'' rather than ''ettuz'' and
''eces''. Those eight glosses are therefore correct as they stand, and become "bone
(body part)" only if the class ruling calls for the tag; what they must not become is
"bone; frame", since the frame senses are marked extensions and the box has already
placed the words.

=== wood ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|trolliquu}} || wood || "wood" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|trolyiqe}} || wood || "wood" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|trolsque}} || wood || "wood" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|sim}} || wood || "wood, timber"; "firewood"; "material, stuff" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|sim}} || wood || "wood, timber"; "firewood"; "material, stuff" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|sim}} || wood || "wood"; "timber"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|simi}} || wood || "wood, timber"; "firewood"; "material, stuff" (''by extension'')
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|sim}} || wood || "wood"; "timber"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' No gloss needs changing, and the reason is worth
recording: every attested sense is the substance, no entry reaches the woodland sense
that makes bare ''wood'' dangerous in English, and the corpus keeps that sense in
separate lemmas anyway — a ''forest'' word in all eight languages, and a ''firewood''
word ({{l|YAQ-GA|annawztrolle}} → {{l|YAR-AI|annoztrol}} → {{l|YAS-AI|annostrol}}) in
the three whose entries are bare. If the class ruling requires a tag, "wood (material)"
serves all eight. '''Do not fold "timber" into the gloss''' of {{l|YCP-XB|sim}} or
{{l|YCQ-BE|sim}}, tempting though their second definition line makes it: both
languages carry a separate lemma {{l|YCP-XB|simu}} / {{l|YCQ-BE|simu}} glossed
"timber", and duplicating it would manufacture exactly the collision this page exists
to clear. The near-homophony of ''sim'' "wood" with ''ʃim'' / ''śim'' "tree" in the
same two languages is row 33's business, not this section's.

=== fruit ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xʲalɛt}} || fruit || "fruit; the edible growth of a plant"; "yield, produce" (''by extension'')
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|αλπυτι}} || fruit || "fruit" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ghaltu}} || fruit || "fruit" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ghaltye}} || fruit || "fruit" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|hatyu}} || fruit || "fruit" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|tsukze}} || fruit || "fruit"; "ripe produce"; "yield, gain, reward" (''by extension''); "consequence, outcome" (''figurative'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|tsuxze}} || fruit || "fruit"; "harvest"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|tsukze}} || fruit || "fruit"; "ripe produce"; "yield, gain, reward" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|suze}} || fruit || "fruit"; "yield, reward"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|cuzze}} || fruit || "fruit"; "ripe produce"; "yield, gain, reward" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' No gloss needs changing. Every sense beyond the
headword is collective or abstract — produce, harvest, yield, outcome — and the
abstract ones are labelled extensions, so "fruit" already names the core; the only
entry that explains itself, {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xʲalɛt}}, calls it "the edible growth of a
plant", which is the substance reading. Nothing in the group means one fruit as a
single object, so if the class ruling calls for a tag the produce sense is the one the
entries support, and it should not be invented in the other direction.

=== grass ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|dβəbutʃ}} || grass || "grass, low green growth, ground cover"; "fodder"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|φουβουξ}} || grass || "grass" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|dvuca}} || grass || "grass" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|dhuce}} || grass || "grass" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|dhuse}} || grass || "grass" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|bʰat}} || grass || "grass"; "herbs, low green growth"; "pasture, thatch" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|bɑt}} || grass || "grass"; "pasture"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|haʔ}} || grass || "grass"; "herbs, low green growth"; "pasture, thatch" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|wati}} || grass || "grass"; "thatch"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ha'}} || grass || "grass"; "herbs, low green growth"; "pasture, thatch" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' No gloss needs changing. Pasture, thatch, fodder and
ground cover are all the undifferentiated stuff, and nothing here means a blade of
grass or a species of grass, which are the two count readings English allows — so the
mass reading is settled and the tag, if the class ruling wants one, is not a guess. The
point the table does raise is extent rather than number: the Andusian words reach herbs
and low growth generally, so "grass" is narrow for them rather than merely
underspecified, and {{l|YCP-XA|bɑt}} and {{l|YCP-XC|wati}} leave their second sense
unlabelled where their three relatives mark it ''by extension''.

=== rope ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ᵐbxo:klə}} || rope || "rope, cord; a twisted line"; "binding and constraint" (''by extension'')
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|μιωγιλ}} || rope || "rope" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|mbokiluz}} || rope || "rope" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|mbokilis}} || rope || "rope" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|bockils}} || rope || "rope" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ɔᵑg}} || rope || "rope, cord"; "vine, liana"; "a bond, an obligation" (''figurative'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|oᵑg}} || rope || "rope"; "tether"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ɔŋ}} || rope || "rope, cord"; "vine, liana"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ɔŋu}} || rope || "rope, cord"; "vine, liana"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|one}} || rope || "rope, cord; vine, liana" (one line)
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' No gloss needs changing, but this is the one gloss in
the class whose evidence points the other way, and that is the finding. A twisted line,
a tether, a vine, a bond: every added sense is a discrete object, so these are the
object word, not a name for rope as a material — which is an argument against any
blanket "the class is the mass sense" default. One housekeeping matter, not a gloss
question: {{l|YCQ-BE|one}} puts "vine, liana" after a semicolon on the same line where
its four relatives give it a numbered sense of its own, and under the 2026-08-04 ruling
a semicolon introduces description, not a second translation.

=== sand ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ʃuʊnɛwɹ}} || sand || "sand, grit; loose dry ground" (one line)
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ςεριου}} || sand || "sand" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ceunetra}} || sand || "sand" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|cunetaa}} || sand || "sand" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|suntá}} || sand || "sand" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|lak}} || sand || "sand"; "grit"; "the beach" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|lak}} || sand || "sand"; "grit"; "the beach" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|laʔ}} || sand || "sand"; "grit"; "the beach" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|laki}} || sand || "sand"; "grit"; "the beach" (''by extension'')
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|la'}} || sand || "sand"; "grit"; "the beach" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' No gloss needs changing, and on the mass/count axis
this gloss barely belongs in the class: a grain of sand appears nowhere, and English
''sand'' is not a count word in the relevant sense either. The five Andusian entries do
carry a place sense, "the beach", which the gloss suppresses — but it is labelled ''by
extension'' in every one of them, so under the core-meaning rule it belongs in the
definitions and stays out of the gloss.

=== ash ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|əmo:ɑ}} || ash || "ash; the leavings of fire, fine grey dust" (one line)
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|εμβοι}} || ash || "ash" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|emmora}} || ash || "ash" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|emere}} || ash || "ash" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|emmre}} || ash || "ash" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|bulʃpə}} || ash || "ash" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ɲoquᵐb}} || ash || "ash, cinders"; "the hearth" (''by extension''); "mourning-dust"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ɲoʔuᵐb}} || ash || "ash, cinders"; "the hearth" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ɲoɢum}} || ash || "ash, cinders"; "the hearth" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|noʔumu}} || ash || "ash"; "the hearth's ash"; "mourning-dust"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ñoǵum}} || ash || "ash, cinders"; "the hearth" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Cinders is a plural of the same stuff, not a count
word, and no entry offers one, so mass against count does not arise. The gloss has a
different defect: bare ''ash'' is a homograph in English and a box gives no clue that
the tree is not meant. Four entries supply the fix in their own first line, and their
glosses should become '''ash, cinders''' — {{l|YCP-XX|ɲoquᵐb}}, {{l|YCP-XA|ɲoʔuᵐb}},
{{l|YCP-XB|ɲoɢum}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|ñoǵum}}. The remaining seven, including
{{l|YCP-XC|noʔumu}} whose own first line is bare, stay as they are unless the class
ruling extends "ash, cinders" to them.

=== dust ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|xɛʃtɛʃ}} || dust || "dust; fine dry matter, ash-like powder" (one line)
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|εςθισι}} || dust || "dust" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|khest}} || dust || "dust" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|kyest}} || dust || "dust" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|khest}} || dust || "dust" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|fuŋgeŋ}} || dust || "dust" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|buɢ}} || dust || "dust"; "powder"; "dry loose earth"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|buɣ}} || dust || "dust"; "powder"; "dry loose earth"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|buʔ}} || dust || "dust"; "powder"; "dry loose earth"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|bugi}} || dust || "dust"; "powder"; "dry loose earth"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|bu'}} || dust || "dust"; "powder"; "dry loose earth"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Mass throughout, no count sense anywhere, no gloss
needs changing. One correction to the record: the senses "near, close", "beside" and
"imminent" that appear against {{l|YCP-XB|buʔ}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|bu'}} in a flat export
of these pages are '''not''' senses of the dust noun — both pages already split
''Etymology 1'' (noun, from {{m|YCP-XX|buɢ}} "dust") from ''Etymology 2'' (adjective,
from {{m|YCP-XX|but}} "near"), and the Lexemes table holds them as two rows. The
homograph is handled; there is nothing to raise.

=== salt ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|tɛwɛɹɲɔ}} || salt || "salt (the substance that preserves)"; "the salt taste"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|θερνουξ}} || salt || "salt" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|etrenuz}} || salt || "salt" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|etrengis}} || salt || "salt" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|etrenge}} || salt || "salt" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|inur}} || salt || "salt" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|izvo}} || salt || "salt"; "savor, taste" (''by extension''); "the sea's taste"; "the sea itself" (''by metonymy''); "wit, savor of speech" (''figurative'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|izvo}} || salt || "salt"; "savor, taste" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|izvo}} || salt || "salt"; "brine for preserving"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ivo}} || salt || "salt"; "savor, taste" (''by extension'')
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|izvo}} || salt || "salt"; "brine for preserving"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' {{l|YAP-XX|tɛwɛɹɲɔ}} states the answer in its own
first line and should carry it: gloss '''salt (the substance)''', the entry's
parenthetical "(the substance that preserves)" cut to the length a gloss wants. Nothing
in the group is a count word, so no other gloss changes: the taste, the brine and the
sea are extensions in every entry that has them and stay in the definitions. Two small
things fall out of the table: {{l|YCP-XB|izvo}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|izvo}} leave "brine for
preserving" unlabelled where their relatives label the comparable sense, and four
definition lines across three entries spell ''savor'' in the American form where the
wiki's prose is British-spelt.

=== fat ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|p͡ɸa:z}} || fat || "fat, grease, richness"; "abundance" (''by extension'')
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|βαζου}} || fat || "fat" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|bhaeuz}} || fat || "fat" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|bhais}} || fat || "fat" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|vhais}} || fat || "fat" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|rjolo}} || fat || "fat" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|cegb}} || fat || "fat, grease"; "oil"; "richness, abundance" (''by extension''); "the best part of anything" (''figurative'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|cegb}} || fat || "fat, grease"; "butterfat"
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ʃeʔ}} || fat || "fat, grease"; "pressed oil"
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|sebi}} || fat || "fat"; "the best part of anything"
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|śe'}} || fat || "fat, grease"; "pressed oil"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' The mass/count axis is inert — no entry means "a
fat" — but bare ''fat'' carries a worse ambiguity that the definitions already
dissolve: in English it is an adjective before it is a noun, and a box showing "fat"
against a column of words says nothing about which. Five entries already say "grease",
which cannot be read as an adjective, and their glosses should become '''fat,
grease''': {{l|YAP-XX|p͡ɸa:z}}, {{l|YCP-XX|cegb}}, {{l|YCP-XA|cegb}},
{{l|YCP-XB|ʃeʔ}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|śe'}}. {{l|YCP-XC|sebi}} does not say it and is left
alone. The five entries actually at risk are the bare ones —
{{l|YAQ-GA|bhaeuz}}, {{l|YAR-AI|bhais}}, {{l|YAS-AI|vhais}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|βαζου}} and
Proto-Njeshan {{l|YBP-XX|rjolo}}, four Herta-Olaic and one Njeshan — and "fat, grease"
would settle them at no interpretive cost if the class ruling allows it.

=== meat ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|oʊjɔʒ}} || meat || "flesh; the edible substance of a body"; "body, substance" (''by extension'')
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ουζαν}} || meat || "meat" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|oeuz}} || meat || "meat" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|oesis}} || meat || "meat" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|oeshy}} || meat || "meat" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|pispa}} || meat || "meat" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|sits}} || meat || "meat, flesh"; "the body" (''by extension''); "the soft flesh of fruit"
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|sits}} || meat || "meat, flesh"; "the body" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|sits}} || meat || "meat, flesh"; "the body" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|sisi}} || meat || "meat, flesh"; "the body" (''by extension'')
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|sic}} || meat || "meat, flesh"; "the body" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' {{l|YAP-XX|oʊjɔʒ}} is glossed "meat" while its own
first definition begins "flesh", and under the 2026-08-04 ruling the translating half
of that line is the single word before the semicolon; its gloss should be '''flesh'''.
The change is not cosmetic. Its four reflexes are all glossed "meat", and the same
three daughters keep a separate flesh word ({{l|YAQ-GA|thembat}} →
{{l|YAR-AI|thembte}} → {{l|YAS-AI|thebte}}), so the proto is the wide word and the
daughters narrowed — and under the core-meaning rule the corrected gloss also keeps
{{l|YAP-XX|oʊjɔʒ}} out of an English ''meat'' box, where it does not belong. If the
operator instead means the proto as ''meat'', it is the definition line that has to
change, not the gloss. The Andusian five need nothing: "meat, flesh" is their first
line and "the body" is marked an extension.

=== skin ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|əkgɛɪrdβ}} || skin || "skin, hide; the outer covering of a body" (one line)
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|κεγηρτι}} || skin || "skin" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ennerd}} || skin || "skin" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ender}} || skin || "skin" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|enner}} || skin || "skin" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|abʰfiq}} || skin || "skin, hide"; "peel, rind, shell"; "surface" (''by extension''); "outward seeming, appearance" (''figurative'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|abfiʔ}} || skin || "skin, hide"; "peel, rind"; "surface" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|aːfiʔ}} || skin || "skin, hide"; "peel, rind"; "surface" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|awfiʔi}} || skin || "skin, hide"; "peel, rind"; "surface" (''by extension'')
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|äfi'}} || skin || "skin, hide"; "peel, rind"; "surface" (''by extension'')
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Six entries open with "skin, hide" and their glosses
should say so — '''skin, hide''' for {{l|YAP-XX|əkgɛɪrdβ}}, {{l|YCP-XX|abʰfiq}},
{{l|YCP-XA|abfiʔ}}, {{l|YCP-XB|aːfiʔ}}, {{l|YCP-XC|awfiʔi}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|äfi'}}.
''Hide'' is the separable piece and ''skin'' the covering, so these words cover both
and the mass/count question answers itself without a tag. The sense a bare gloss really
loses is "peel, rind": that is a plant-against-animal distinction, not a mass-against-
count one, it is a numbered sense rather than a labelled extension, and it stays in the
definitions.

=== snow ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ɔwb͡βiətβ}} || snow || "snow, snowfall"; "the white cover of winter"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ωφητου}} || snow || "snow" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|orbhita}} || snow || "snow" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|erbhiite}} || snow || "snow" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|yrbit}} || snow || "snow" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|muᵐb}} || snow || "snow, frost; the white of the high peaks"; "hoar, white crust; any white thing" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|muᵐb}} || snow || "snow"; "the white of the peaks"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Mass throughout — "snowfall" is an event, not a
piece — and one gloss under-reports its own entry: {{l|YCP-XX|muᵐb}} should read
'''snow, frost''', the translating half of its first line, since ''frost'' is a second
translation and not a description of ''snow''. The seven rows are not the whole story
and the gap in them is not a gap: the etymon has reflexes in the four languages missing
from the table, glossed elsewhere — {{l|YCP-XB|mum}} "hail" and {{l|YCQ-BE|mium}}
"hail" (the pair ruled synonyms of the ''rɔts'' words on 2026-08-21) and
{{l|YCP-XC|mumu}} "sea-foam". Only Proto-Njeshan has no word in this field at all. The
southern branch turned a snow word into a hail word, which is a fact about the family,
not thin evidence.

=== ice ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|kɪɑnɪntʃ}} || ice || "ice, frozen water; hardness from cold" (one line)
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|χαινταν}} || ice || "ice" — nothing further
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|qanitzh}} || ice || "ice" — nothing further
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|qaancidye}} || ice || "ice" — nothing further
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|qánide}} || ice || "ice" — nothing further
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|rɔts}} || ice || "hail, hailstone"; "ice, known chiefly from the high peaks"; "anything glassy and hard" (''by extension'')
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|rots}} || ice || "ice"; "hail"
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' {{l|YCP-XX|rɔts}} is the clearest miss in the
section: it is glossed "ice", but its own first sense is "hail, hailstone" and its
second marks ice as known chiefly from the high peaks. Its gloss should be '''hail''' —
and the entry is not the only witness, because every daughter's etymology line already
cites it as "hail": {{l|YCP-XA|rots}}, {{l|YCP-XB|rɔts}}, {{l|YCP-XC|rɔsi}} and
{{l|YCQ-BE|roc}}, the last three of which are themselves glossed "hail" and so fall
outside this table. The table is short for that reason, not because the languages lack
the word; only Proto-Njeshan is genuinely absent. {{l|YCP-XA|rots}} keeps ice first and
needs nothing. The one count word anywhere in the section is "hailstone", and it
belongs to that hail word rather than to ice, which is mass in every entry that has it.

== Where the word covers a different extent ==

=== ''hand'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbu}} || hand || "the hand and forearm"; then grasp, possession; then power, control. Explicitly past the wrist.
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|βiɑɹɛʃ}} || hand || "hand; the grasping part"; then holding, possession, a handful. The hand proper.
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|variza}} || hand || "hand", nothing further — but {{l|YAQ-GA|kubhe}} "arm" is a separate lemma.
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|varize}} || hand || "hand", nothing further; {{l|YAR-AI|kuuph}} "arm" beside it.
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|varris}} || hand || "hand", nothing further; {{l|YAS-AI|couphe}} "arm" beside it.
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|βαρζισι}} || hand || "hand", nothing further; no arm lemma in the language.
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|mtjaxŋ}} || hand || "hand", nothing further; no arm lemma in the language.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' The two words that describe themselves describe different body parts, so the answer is that they are not the same: {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbu}} runs up the forearm and {{l|YAP-XX|βiɑɹɛʃ}} stops at the grasping part. Set {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbu}} to '''hand and forearm''' and {{l|YAP-XX|βiɑɹɛʃ}} to '''hand, the grasping part'''. The first of those is housekeeping rather than a decision: every reflex of {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbu}} already carries "hand and forearm" in its gloss field — {{l|YCP-XA|ᵐbu}}, {{l|YCP-XB|bu}}, {{l|YCP-XC|mu}} and Besoh {{l|YCQ-BE|bu}} — and all four of those entries cite the etymon in their etymology as {{m|YCP-XX|ᵐbu}} ("hand and forearm"), so the proto is the only entry in its own family out of step with itself. The five bare words keep '''hand''': Gaillean, Middle Airananwe and Airananwe each hold a separate arm lemma, which bounds their reflexes from outside, and although {{l|YAQ-HE|βαρζισι}} and {{l|YBP-XX|mtjaxŋ}} have nothing beside them, neither entry claims more than the hand. Two consequences follow for the English entry rather than for the glosses. {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbu}} is listed in the translations box of [[Dictionary:hand]], which is headed "the part of the arm below the wrist" and therefore cannot hold a word that includes the forearm; and {{l|YAS-AI|varris}} is absent from that box although the entry exists.

=== ''earth'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ihe:x}} || earth || One sense line: "ground, soil, earth; the land underfoot — not the planet". Ground and soil together, the planet ruled out in as many words.
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|iat}} || earth || "earth", nothing further — but {{l|YAQ-GA|eta}} "soil", {{l|YAQ-GA|sicne}} "land" and {{l|YAQ-GA|contazu}} "world" are separate lemmas, none of them related to it.
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ieeth}} || earth || "earth", nothing further; {{l|YAR-AI|ete}} "soil", {{l|YAR-AI|siicen}} "land", {{l|YAR-AI|tyonchus}} "world" beside it.
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|éth}} || earth || "earth", nothing further; {{l|YAS-AI|ette}} "soil", {{l|YAS-AI|sichen}} "land", {{l|YAS-AI|tonchous}} "world" beside it.
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ιρηγαν}} || earth || "earth", nothing further; no soil, ground, land or world lemma in the language.
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|tse}} || earth || "earth, soil"; "the ground as substance"; then, by extension, the world, the land. Marked a coordinate term of {{l|YCP-XX|lem}} "ground".
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|tse}} || earth || As Proto-Andusian: earth and soil, the ground as substance, and by extension the world.
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|tse}} || earth || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|se}} || earth || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ce}} || earth || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|muto}} || earth || "earth", nothing further; no soil, ground, land or world lemma in the language.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Two extents are on record and they differ over the substance, not over the surface. The Andusian word is the substance: "earth, soil", "the ground as substance", extended to the world, with {{l|YCP-XX|lem}} "ground" marked beside it as its coordinate term, so the surface is {{l|YCP-XX|lem}}'s job and not its own. The Herta-Olaic etymon covers ground and soil in one line and strikes out the planet. Set {{l|YCP-XX|tse}}, {{l|YCP-XA|tse}}, {{l|YCP-XB|tse}}, {{l|YCP-XC|se}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|ce}} to '''soil'''; set {{l|YAP-XX|ihe:x}} to '''ground, soil'''. {{l|YAQ-GA|iat}}, {{l|YAR-AI|ieeth}} and {{l|YAS-AI|éth}} take '''ground''' — not on their own wording, which is bare, but because their languages have already given the rest away: each holds an unrelated lemma for soil, for land and for world, so of the etymon's range only "the land underfoot" is left for them, and no lemma anywhere in the corpus is glossed "floor", "surface" or "planet" for that reading to collide with. {{l|YAQ-HE|ιρηγαν}} and {{l|YBP-XX|muto}} keep '''earth''' unchanged: nothing in Ancient Hertic or Proto-Njeshan competes with either, and neither entry says more, so there is nothing on record to correct them to. The consequence falls on [[Dictionary:earth]], whose sole sense line reads "Soil; the loose ground underfoot, in which plants grow": under the above it is listing the wrong Herta-Olaic words, since {{l|YAQ-GA|eta}}, {{l|YAR-AI|ete}} and {{l|YAS-AI|ette}} belong in that box and {{l|YAQ-GA|iat}} and {{l|YAR-AI|ieeth}} belong under a surface sense. {{l|YAS-AI|éth}} is absent from the box either way.

=== ''ground'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|lem}} || ground || "ground, floor"; "the low place"; "bottom"; then foundation, basis. Marked a coordinate term of {{l|YCP-XX|tse}} "earth".
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|lem}} || ground || "ground"; "the tilled field". Narrowed to worked land; floor, low place and bottom are all gone.
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|lem}} || ground || "ground, floor"; "the low place"; "bottom".
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|lemi}} || ground || "ground, floor"; "the bottom, also of the sea". Extended to the seabed.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|lem}} || ground || "ground, floor"; "the low place"; "bottom". Inherited through {{l|YCP-XB|lem}}.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' All five state their own extent, and two of them are not what the other three are. Set {{l|YCP-XA|lem}} to '''ground, tilled field''' and {{l|YCP-XC|lemi}} to '''ground, floor, sea bottom'''; {{l|YCP-XX|lem}}, {{l|YCP-XB|lem}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|lem}} take '''ground, floor'''. Taken with the ''earth'' changes above this settles the earth-against-ground question outright, and settles it from the corpus rather than by ruling: within Andusian the two words are marked coordinate terms of each other, {{l|YCP-XX|tse}} being the substance and {{l|YCP-XX|lem}} the surface and the low place. No [[Dictionary:ground]] entry exists to anchor the English side; when one is written, "the surface underfoot" is the sense these five and the three Herta-Olaic words moved to '''ground''' above all answer to.

=== ''tree'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|dwɑl}} || tree || "tree, standing wood; the living plant and its timber undifferentiated". The only word in the group that says it covers both.
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|dwalia}} || tree || "tree", nothing further — but {{l|YAQ-GA|trolliquu}} "wood" is a separate lemma.
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|diaalie}} || tree || "tree", nothing further; {{l|YAR-AI|trolyiqe}} "wood" beside it.
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|tiále}} || tree || "tree", nothing further; {{l|YAS-AI|trolsque}} "wood" beside it.
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|αλον}} || tree || "tree", nothing further; no wood lemma in the language, though {{l|YAQ-HE|σαττουξ}} "forest" exists.
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ciᵐb}} || tree || "tree"; then trunk, timber; then a line of descent. Marked a coordinate term of {{l|YCP-XX|sim}} "wood".
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ciᵐb}} || tree || "tree"; then trunk, timber. {{l|YCP-XA|sim}} "wood" beside it.
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ʃim}} || tree || "tree"; "timber-tree". {{l|YCP-XB|sim}} "wood" and {{l|YCP-XB|simu}} "timber" beside it.
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|simu}} || tree || "tree"; then trunk, timber. {{l|YCP-XC|simi}} "wood" beside it.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|śim}} || tree || "tree"; "timber-tree". {{l|YCQ-BE|sim}} "wood", {{l|YCQ-BE|simu}} "timber" and {{l|YCQ-BE|śimu}} "forest" beside it.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' One word covers the plant and its material together and says so: set {{l|YAP-XX|dwɑl}} to '''tree, standing wood'''. Every other word in the group keeps '''tree''', because every other language holds a separate lemma for wood — {{l|YCP-XX|sim}} and its reflexes throughout Andusian, and {{l|YAQ-GA|trolliquu}}, {{l|YAR-AI|trolyiqe}}, {{l|YAS-AI|trolsque}} in the three Herta-Olaic daughters, which shows the merge in {{l|YAP-XX|dwɑl}} did not survive into them. {{l|YAQ-HE|αλον}} keeps "tree" on the same footing, with the caveat that Ancient Hertic has no wood lemma to bound it and its entry claims no more than the tree. The near-homophony needs no ruling either, because the etymologies already account for it: {{l|YCP-XB|ʃim}}, {{l|YCP-XC|simu}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|śim}} all give {{m|YCP-XX|ciᵐb}} "tree" as their etymon while {{l|YCP-XB|sim}}, {{l|YCP-XC|simi}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|sim}} give {{m|YCP-XX|sim}} "wood", so the forms converged by regular change and the lemmas stayed apart. Besoh is where the convergence piles up hardest and is still consistent — {{l|YCQ-BE|śim}} "tree", {{l|YCQ-BE|śimu}} "forest" (from {{m|YCP-XX|ciᵐbuɣ}}, and also the plural of {{l|YCQ-BE|śim}}), {{l|YCQ-BE|sim}} "wood" and {{l|YCQ-BE|simu}} "timber" (from {{m|YCP-XX|sim}} plus a suffix, and also the plural of {{l|YCQ-BE|sim}}) — four lemmas kept distinct only by the ''s''/''ś'' contrast. {{l|YAS-AI|tiále}} is missing from the [[Dictionary:tree]] box. The ''wood'' half of this row is a mass-against-count question and belongs with row 29, not here.

=== ''breast'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|pvfo:ʃə}} || breast || "chest; the front of the torso"; then "the breast that feeds". The gloss names the second sense, not the first.
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|phocta}} || breast || "breast", nothing further — but {{l|YAQ-GA|louwat}} "chest" is a separate lemma, with its etymology undetermined and so not a doublet.
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|phoce}} || breast || "breast", nothing further; {{l|YAR-AI|luuyaazy}} "chest" beside it.
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|phosse}} || breast || "breast", nothing further; {{l|YAS-AI|luáj}} "chest" beside it.
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|πηφουζι}} || breast || "breast", nothing further; no chest lemma in the language.
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|krapɛstə}} || breast || "breast", nothing further; no chest lemma in the language.
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|dʰirpeᵐb}} || breast || "breast"; "chest"; then nursing, mother's milk. Both readings, as separate senses.
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|derpeᵐb}} || breast || As Proto-Andusian: breast, chest, nursing.
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|hirpem}} || breast || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|rirpemu}} || breast || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|hirpem}} || breast || As Proto-Andusian.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' The row's "unqualified" is wrong: six of the eleven entries answer the question on their own pages, and the rest are bounded from outside. {{l|YAP-XX|pvfo:ʃə}} leads with the chest and puts the feeding breast second, so its gloss records the wrong sense — set it to '''chest, breast'''. The five Andusian words list breast and chest as separate senses and take '''breast, chest'''. {{l|YAQ-GA|phocta}}, {{l|YAR-AI|phoce}} and {{l|YAS-AI|phosse}} take '''breast (the mammary gland)''': each of those three languages holds {{l|YAQ-GA|louwat}}, {{l|YAR-AI|luuyaazy}} or {{l|YAS-AI|luáj}} "chest" as a lemma of its own, unrelated to the etymon, so the chest is occupied and what these continue is the etymon's second sense. {{l|YAQ-HE|πηφουζι}} and {{l|YBP-XX|krapɛstə}} keep '''breast''' unchanged, having no second lemma to bound them and no wording of their own to go on. No [[Dictionary:breast]] entry exists; when one is written it needs two sense lines, and only {{l|YAP-XX|pvfo:ʃə}} and the five Andusian words may stand in both boxes.

=== ''head'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|əɲib͡βeə}} || head || "head; the top of a person"; then "the front, the chief, the beginning".
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|enibhia}} || head || "head", nothing further.
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|enibhie}} || head || "head", nothing further.
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|nibhe}} || head || "head", nothing further.
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|μενηβι}} || head || "head", nothing further.
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|kokint}} || head || "head", nothing further.
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ɣa}} || head || "head"; "top, summit"; then "chief, foremost"; then the beginning of anything. All three readings.
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ɣa}} || head || "head"; "chief, headman". Kept the leader and dropped the top.
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ɣa}} || head || "head"; "the source of a river". Neither leader nor top.
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ɣa}} || head || "head"; "top". Kept the top and dropped the leader.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ĝa}} || head || "head"; "the source of a river". As Proto-South-Andusian, from which it is inherited.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Four reflexes of one Proto-Andusian etymon each kept a different extension and the identical gloss now hides it, which is the sharpest case in this section: {{l|YCP-XA|ɣa}} went to the leader, {{l|YCP-XB|ɣa}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|ĝa}} to the river source, {{l|YCP-XC|ɣa}} to the top and no further. Set {{l|YCP-XX|ɣa}} to '''head, top, chief''', {{l|YCP-XA|ɣa}} to '''head, chief''', {{l|YCP-XB|ɣa}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|ĝa}} to '''head, river source''', {{l|YCP-XC|ɣa}} to '''head, top''', and {{l|YAP-XX|əɲib͡βeə}} to '''head, chief'''. The North Andusian reading is corroborated twice over: {{l|YCP-XA|ɣaɣe}} "chief, lord" and {{l|YCP-XA|ɣauɣ}} "council" are both formations on {{l|YCP-XX|ɣa}} that survive in that branch alone. The five that say only "head" keep '''head''' and mean the body part, since nothing on their pages claims more; note that this is what their entries say rather than an argument from the rest of the corpus, which holds no lemma glossed "leader" or "top" either way — the only such lemma is {{l|YCP-XA|ɣaɣe}}, a derivative of {{l|YCP-XA|ɣa}} itself. The consequence falls on [[Dictionary:head]], which does not yet exist: it needs three sense lines, and only the six words above may enter the chief, top and river-source boxes.

=== ''ear'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|oʊjwə}} || ear || "ear, hearing" as one sense; then "attention and obedience". Organ and faculty undifferentiated.
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|oelwuz}} || ear || "ear", nothing further.
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|yelue}} || ear || "ear", nothing further.
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|yelue}} || ear || "ear", nothing further. Spelled the same as its Middle Airananwe parent.
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ειουξ}} || ear || "ear", nothing further.
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|nɛrʃot}} || ear || "ear", nothing further.
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ɣɔix}} || ear || "ear"; then, by extension, "hearing, attention, heed". The faculty is a marked second sense, not part of the first.
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ɣoix}} || ear || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ɣɔi}} || ear || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ɣɔixi}} || ear || As Proto-Andusian.
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ĝoi}} || ear || As Proto-Andusian.
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' The ear-of-grain reading is not in the corpus at all: every one of the eleven definitions names the organ or the faculty of hearing, and no lexeme in the table is glossed for grain or any cereal, so the question this row asks does not arise and '''ear''' stands for ten of the eleven. The difference that is genuinely on record lies elsewhere — {{l|YAP-XX|oʊjwə}} folds organ and faculty into a single first sense where the five Andusian entries keep hearing as a marked extension — so set {{l|YAP-XX|oʊjwə}} to '''ear, hearing''' and leave the rest. Nothing in the corpus is glossed "hearing" as a noun; [[Dictionary:hear]] carries that ground as a verb, with {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣije:ht}} and {{l|YAQ-HE|γιστω}} among its translations. When [[Dictionary:ear]] is written, "the organ of hearing" is the sense these eleven answer to.

== Adjectives running on two axes ==

=== big ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ɔjti:}} || big || one line: "big, large, much, important — size, quantity and significance undifferentiated"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ωιθε}} || big || "big" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|oitha}} || big || "big" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|otya}} || big || "big" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|othay}} || big || "big" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|ŋbarisk}} || big || "big" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|axgɛɣ}} || big || big, great / grown, full-sized / ''(by extension)'' important / ''(figurative)'' great in rank, senior
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|axgeɣ}} || big || big, great / great in rank
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|axgɛ}} || big || big, great / grown, full-sized / ''(by extension)'' important
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|agɛɣi}} || big || big / full-grown
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|agge}} || big || big, great / grown, full-sized / ''(by extension)'' important
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Six of the eleven state their own range. Set {{l|YAP-XX|ɔjti:}} to <code>big (in size, quantity or importance)</code>; {{l|YCP-XX|axgɛɣ}} to <code>big, great (in size or growth); important, senior in rank</code>; {{l|YCP-XA|axgeɣ}} to <code>big, great (in size); great in rank</code>; {{l|YCP-XB|axgɛ}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|agge}} to <code>big, great (in size or growth); important</code>; {{l|YCP-XC|agɛɣi}} to <code>big (in size); full-grown</code>. The daughters have already divided the proto's four senses between them — {{l|YCP-XA|axgeɣ}} keeps rank but drops growth and importance, {{l|YCP-XC|agɛɣi}} keeps growth and drops both — so these are five distinct glosses, not one repeated.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the five bare entries {{l|YAQ-HE|ωιθε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|oitha}}, {{l|YAR-AI|otya}}, {{l|YAS-AI|othay}} and {{l|YBP-XX|ŋbarisk}} cover importance as well as physical size? If the Herta-Olaic four are read as continuing {{l|YAP-XX|ɔjti:}}, they take <code>big (in size or importance)</code>, the branch matches the Andusian pattern, and no separate root for "important" is owed; if they are read narrowly they take <code>big (in size)</code>, importance becomes a lexical gap in the branch, and each entry should record that it has narrowed against its proto. {{l|YBP-XX|ŋbarisk}} is the harder half: Proto-Njeshan is itself a proto, so there is no parent entry to read down into it and the sense must be stated outright. The same shape of question recurs under all ten glosses below, and a single blanket policy on whether a bare daughter inherits its proto's full range would settle the Herta-Olaic rows everywhere at once — but it would not touch the four Proto-Njeshan rows (here and under ''old'', ''new'' and ''dull''), and the substance differs gloss by gloss, so ruling one by one remains open.

=== long ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|oʊɹmɪh}} || long || one line: "long; extended in space or time"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ρυμε}} || long || "long" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|oembia}} || long || "long" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|oouebie}} || long || "long" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|oubiey}} || long || "long" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ᵑgaha}} || long || long / tall / stretched out / ''(by extension)'' lasting, enduring (of time) / ''(figurative)'' wearisome, drawn-out
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ᵑgaa}} || long || long / tall / stretched out / ''(by extension)'' lasting, enduring (of time)
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|gaha}} || long || long / tall / stretched out / ''(by extension)'' lasting, enduring (of time)
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ŋaha}} || long || long / tall / stretched out / ''(by extension)'' lasting, enduring (of time)
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|gä}} || long || long / tall / stretched out / ''(by extension)'' lasting, enduring (of time)
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|oʊɹmɪh}} to <code>long (in space or time)</code>; {{l|YCP-XX|ᵑgaha}} to <code>long (in space or time); tall; drawn-out</code>; and {{l|YCP-XA|ᵑgaa}}, {{l|YCP-XB|gaha}}, {{l|YCP-XC|ŋaha}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|gä}} to <code>long (in space or time); tall</code>. "Stretched out" belongs with sense 1 and needs no separate slot in the gloss. The vertical sense is attested only in Andusian and should not be carried elsewhere.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the four bare Herta-Olaic words carry duration as well as spatial extent, as {{l|YAP-XX|oʊɹmɪh}} does? Inheriting gives {{l|YAQ-HE|ρυμε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|oembia}}, {{l|YAR-AI|oouebie}} and {{l|YAS-AI|oubiey}} the gloss <code>long (in space or time)</code>; reading them narrowly gives <code>long (in space)</code> and leaves duration to a root not yet coined. There is no Njeshan entry for this gloss, so the ruling covers four words only. Whichever way it goes should govern ''short'' too, or the antonym pair will be asymmetrical.

=== short ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ɸəmnɛt}} || short || one line: "short, brief, not far — space and time together"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ψεντε}} || short || "short" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|femetta}} || short || "short" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|femethe}} || short || "short" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|mettey}} || short || "short" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|luse}} || short || short / low / brief (of time)
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|luse}} || short || short / low / brief (of time)
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|luse}} || short || short / low / brief (of time)
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|luse}} || short || short / low / brief (of time)
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|luze}} || short || short / low / brief (of time)
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|ɸəmnɛt}} to <code>short (in space or time)</code>, and the five Andusian entries {{l|YCP-XX|luse}}, {{l|YCP-XA|luse}}, {{l|YCP-XB|luse}}, {{l|YCP-XC|luse}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|luze}} to <code>short (in space or time); low</code>. The four proto-forms are not merely alike in spelling: they occupy four language sections of the one page ''Dictionary:luse'', so the gloss is the only field that will tell their rows apart in a translations box. Note also that this set is the exact mirror of ''long'' — ''low'' answers ''tall'', ''brief'' answers ''lasting'' — and that no reflex has narrowed.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do {{l|YAQ-HE|ψεντε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|femetta}}, {{l|YAR-AI|femethe}} and {{l|YAS-AI|mettey}} cover brevity of time as well as shortness in space? Inheriting gives <code>short (in space or time)</code>; reading them narrowly gives <code>short (in space)</code>. There is no Njeshan entry here either. This must match the ruling on ''long''.

=== old ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|hɛkʃa}} || old || one line: "old, long-standing, aged — of things and of people alike"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|εξε}} || old || "old" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|exa}} || old || "old" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|exa}} || old || "old" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|exay}} || old || "old" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|brote}} || old || "old" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|dʰukif}} || old || old / worn, used / elder, senior (of people) / ''(figurative)'' venerable / long-established
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|dokif}} || old || old / senior, of rank
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|hugif}} || old || old / worn, used / elder, senior (of people) / long-established
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|rukifi}} || old || old / venerable, elder
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|hugif}} || old || old / worn, used / elder, senior (of people) / long-established
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|hɛkʃa}} to <code>old (of things and of people)</code>; {{l|YCP-XX|dʰukif}} to <code>old, worn, long-established; elder, venerable (of people)</code>; {{l|YCP-XA|dokif}} to <code>old; senior, of rank</code>; {{l|YCP-XB|hugif}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|hugif}} to <code>old, worn, long-established; elder, senior (of people)</code>; {{l|YCP-XC|rukifi}} to <code>old; venerable, elder</code>. {{l|YCP-XA|dokif}} is the one Andusian reflex with neither the "worn, used" line nor a personal-age line — rank only — and its gloss should not be levelled with the others. {{l|YCP-XB|hugif}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|hugif}} likewise share a spelling and the single page ''Dictionary:hugif'', with identical definitions, so only the language field distinguishes them.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|εξε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|exa}}, {{l|YAR-AI|exa}}, {{l|YAS-AI|exay}} and {{l|YBP-XX|brote}} apply to people as well as to things? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|hɛkʃa}}'s explicit "of things and of people alike" gives the Herta-Olaic four <code>old (of things and of people)</code>; restricting them gives <code>old (of things)</code> and obliges a separate word for "elderly" in each. {{l|YBP-XX|brote}} again falls outside the inheritance question, having no parent entry, and needs the sense stated outright.

=== new ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|βo:xʒɑ}} || new || new, fresh, recent / ''(by extension)'' young and unfamiliar
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|φοσε}} || new || "new" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|vozwa}} || new || "new" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|fozya}} || new || "new" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|fosay}} || new || "new" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|woge}} || new || "new" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbakp}} || new || new, fresh / young / raw, unused / ''(figurative)'' untried, inexperienced
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ᵐbakp}} || new || new, fresh / young / raw, unused
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|baʔ}} || new || Etymology 2 only: new, fresh / young / raw, unused
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|mapi}} || new || new, fresh / young / raw, unused
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|beza}} || new || new, fresh — sole line
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|βo:xʒɑ}} to <code>new, fresh, recent; young, unfamiliar</code>; {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbakp}} to <code>new, fresh; young; raw, unused; untried</code>; {{l|YCP-XA|ᵐbakp}}, {{l|YCP-XB|baʔ}} and {{l|YCP-XC|mapi}} to <code>new, fresh; young; raw, unused</code>; {{l|YCQ-BE|beza}} to <code>new, fresh</code>. The Proto-Andusian and Proto-North-Andusian forms are spelt alike and share the page ''Dictionary:ᵐbakp''; the parent's fourth, figurative sense is the whole of the difference, so the gloss must show it rather than substitute it. One warning about {{l|YCP-XB|baʔ}}: that page carries two etymologies, the first an unrelated adjective from Proto-Andusian ''bagb'' meaning "bad, harmful, ugly, ill-omened", the second the "new" lexeme from {{l|YCP-XX|ᵐbakp}}. Any sweep that reads definition lines off the page rather than off the sense block will merge the two and appear to show a word meaning both "bad" and "new".

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|φοσε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|vozwa}}, {{l|YAR-AI|fozya}}, {{l|YAS-AI|fosay}} and {{l|YBP-XX|woge}} carry novelty and unfamiliarity as well as recency? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|βo:xʒɑ}} gives the Herta-Olaic four <code>new, fresh, recent; young, unfamiliar</code>; restricting them gives <code>new, recent</code>, the narrower and more conservative reading. {{l|YBP-XX|woge}} has no parent entry and must be stated outright. {{l|YCQ-BE|beza}} is a borderline sixth case: its correction above is mechanical, but the entry records only the first of its parent's four senses and so does not itself say whether Besoh "new" is recency or novelty — the operator may wish to pin it with the bare rows.

=== dull ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|mjaəni}} || dull || blunt, not sharp / ''(by extension)'' slow-witted — the word "dull" never appears
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ιαμνιε}} || dull || "dull" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|maennia}} || dull || "dull" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|mainya}} || dull || "dull" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|maignay}} || dull || "dull" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|komlit}} || dull || "dull" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|mɛᵐb}} || dull || dull, blunt / ''(by extension)'' slow, stupid
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|meᵐb}} || dull || dull, blunt / ''(by extension)'' slow, stupid
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|mɛm}} || dull || dull, blunt / ''(by extension)'' slow, stupid
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|mɛmu}} || dull || dull, blunt / ''(by extension)'' slow, stupid
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|mem}} || dull || dull, blunt / ''(by extension)'' slow, stupid
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|mjaəni}} to <code>blunt; slow-witted</code> and the five Andusian entries {{l|YCP-XX|mɛᵐb}}, {{l|YCP-XA|meᵐb}}, {{l|YCP-XB|mɛm}}, {{l|YCP-XC|mɛmu}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|mem}} to <code>blunt (of an edge); slow, stupid</code> — dropping "dull" from "dull, blunt" is itself the disambiguation, since ''blunt'' is the unambiguous half. {{l|YAP-XX|mjaəni}} is the sharpest case in the section: its entry never uses the word "dull" at all, so its gloss is not merely underspecified but wrong. No entry in either family records the colour or light sense of English ''dull'', nor the "boring" sense; only the blade and the wit are attested, and the English headword ''blunt'' would describe this whole set better than ''dull'' does — worth considering as a rename of the gloss key, which would disturb no entry, since — unlike ''big'', ''long'' and ''new'' — this gloss has no English lexeme of its own in the Dictionary.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|ιαμνιε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|maennia}}, {{l|YAR-AI|mainya}}, {{l|YAS-AI|maignay}} and {{l|YBP-XX|komlit}} carry the extended sense of wit as well as the physical edge? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|mjaəni}} gives the Herta-Olaic four <code>blunt; slow-witted</code>; restricting them to the parent's first line gives <code>blunt</code> alone, with the figurative extension treated as a Proto-Herta-Olaic development the daughters did not keep. {{l|YBP-XX|komlit}} has no parent entry; its own line is the bare word "dull", so if it is meant to reach colour or tedium — senses nothing else in the corpus attests — that is information only the operator can supply.

=== thick ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xuəʃ}} || thick || one line: "thick, dense, stout"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|γοζε}} || thick || "thick" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ghouca}} || thick || "thick" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ghuuca}} || thick || "thick" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|houchay}} || thick || "thick" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|dzof}} || thick || thick / dense (of forest, of fog) / stout
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|dzof}} || thick || thick / dense (of forest, of fog) / stout
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|dzof}} || thick || thick / dense (of forest, of fog) / stout
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|zofi}} || thick || thick / dense (of forest, of fog) / stout
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|jof}} || thick || thick / dense (of forest, of fog) / stout
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xuəʃ}} to <code>thick (in cross-section); dense; stout</code> and the five Andusian entries {{l|YCP-XX|dzof}}, {{l|YCP-XA|dzof}}, {{l|YCP-XB|dzof}}, {{l|YCP-XC|zofi}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|jof}} to <code>thick (in cross-section); dense (of forest, fog); stout</code>. Three of those share both the spelling ''dzof'' and the page ''Dictionary:dzof'', where they sit as three language sections, so the gloss is again all that separates them in a list.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|γοζε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|ghouca}}, {{l|YAR-AI|ghuuca}} and {{l|YAS-AI|houchay}} cover density and bodily stoutness, or thickness in cross-section alone? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xuəʃ}} gives <code>thick, dense, stout</code>; restricting gives <code>thick (in cross-section)</code>, and a fog or a forest would then need another word in all four languages. There is no Njeshan entry for this gloss. This should be decided together with ''thin''.

=== thin ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣɛnki}} || thin || one line: "thin, slender, sparse"
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ενδεκε}} || thin || "thin" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|gheka}} || thin || "thin" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ghenke}} || thin || "thin" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|ghenney}} || thin || "thin" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|rubʰ}} || thin || thin / lean, gaunt / fine, slender
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|rub}} || thin || thin / lean, gaunt / fine, slender
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|ruː}} || thin || thin / lean, gaunt / fine, slender
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ruwi}} || thin || thin / lean, gaunt / fine, slender
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|rü}} || thin || thin / lean, gaunt / fine, slender
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣɛnki}} to <code>thin (in cross-section); slender; sparse</code> and the five Andusian entries {{l|YCP-XX|rubʰ}}, {{l|YCP-XA|rub}}, {{l|YCP-XB|ruː}}, {{l|YCP-XC|ruwi}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|rü}} to <code>thin (in cross-section); lean (of a body); fine, slender</code>. Unlike ''thick'', no two forms here share a spelling. There is no Njeshan entry for this gloss.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|ενδεκε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|gheka}}, {{l|YAR-AI|ghenke}} and {{l|YAS-AI|ghenney}} extend to bodily leanness and to sparseness? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣɛnki}} gives <code>thin, slender, sparse</code>; restricting gives <code>thin (in cross-section)</code>. Note the asymmetry a split decision would leave: Proto-Herta-Olaic records sparseness for ''thin'' and density for ''thick'', a reciprocal pair, so reading one broadly and the other narrowly would break it.

=== heavy ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|xətʃoʊ}} || heavy || heavy, weighty / ''(by extension)'' grave and burdensome
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|ετζωιε}} || heavy || "heavy" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|hettowa}} || heavy || "heavy" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|hyettoe}} || heavy || "heavy" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|yettoy}} || heavy || "heavy" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|ᵑgia}} || heavy || heavy, weighty / ''(by extension)'' burdensome / grave, important / ''(figurative)'' solemn / oppressive
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ᵑgia}} || heavy || heavy, weighty / ''(by extension)'' burdensome
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|gia}} || heavy || heavy, weighty / ''(by extension)'' burdensome
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ŋia}} || heavy || heavy, weighty / ''(by extension)'' burdensome
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|gia}} || heavy || heavy, weighty / ''(by extension)'' burdensome / ''(by extension)'' mighty, strong
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|xətʃoʊ}} to <code>heavy (in weight); grave, burdensome</code>; {{l|YCP-XX|ᵑgia}} to <code>heavy (in weight); burdensome; grave, solemn, oppressive</code>; {{l|YCP-XA|ᵑgia}}, {{l|YCP-XB|gia}} and {{l|YCP-XC|ŋia}} to <code>heavy (in weight); burdensome</code>; {{l|YCQ-BE|gia}} to <code>heavy (in weight); burdensome; mighty, strong</code>. Two spelling clashes ride on this gloss and they run in opposite directions: {{l|YCP-XX|ᵑgia}} and {{l|YCP-XA|ᵑgia}} share the page ''Dictionary:ᵑgia'', where the parent carries three senses the daughter has dropped; {{l|YCP-XB|gia}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|gia}} share the page ''Dictionary:gia'', where the Besoh reflex has instead added a sense — "mighty, strong" — that its parent lacks. In both cases the gloss is the only field that will show which is which.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|ετζωιε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|hettowa}}, {{l|YAR-AI|hyettoe}} and {{l|YAS-AI|yettoy}} carry the figurative sense of gravity and burden alongside physical weight? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|xətʃoʊ}} gives <code>heavy (in weight); grave, burdensome</code>; restricting gives <code>heavy (in weight)</code>, which would leave Herta-Olaic the only branch with no figurative extension of this root, against an Andusian set in which every reflex has one. There is no Njeshan entry for this gloss.

=== full ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definitions say
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|ktu:lhʃa}} || full || full, filled, complete / ''(by extension)'' satisfied
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|τυχασε}} || full || "full" — sole line
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|kullenca}} || full || "full" — sole line
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|kuulence}} || full || "full" — sole line
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|coulsey}} || full || "full" — sole line
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|dʰixwa}} || full || full, filled / sated / ''(by extension)'' whole, complete / ''(figurative)'' satisfied, content
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|dexwa}} || full || full, filled / sated / ''(by extension)'' whole, complete
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|hixwa}} || full || full, filled / sated / ''(by extension)'' whole, complete
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|riwa}} || full || full, filled / sated / ''(by extension)'' whole, complete
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|hiĥva}} || full || full, filled / sated / ''(by extension)'' whole, complete
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Set {{l|YAP-XX|ktu:lhʃa}} to <code>full, filled, complete; satisfied</code>; {{l|YCP-XX|dʰixwa}} to <code>full, filled; sated; whole, complete; satisfied, content</code>; and {{l|YCP-XA|dexwa}}, {{l|YCP-XB|hixwa}}, {{l|YCP-XC|riwa}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|hiĥva}} to <code>full, filled; sated; whole, complete</code>. This gloss runs on three axes rather than two — a filled container, a sated person, a whole quantity — and the two families slice them differently: Andusian keeps all three apart and adds contentment as a fourth in the proto, whereas Proto-Herta-Olaic merges "filled" and "complete" on one line and treats satisfaction as the extension.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the bare {{l|YAQ-HE|τυχασε}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|kullenca}}, {{l|YAR-AI|kuulence}} and {{l|YAS-AI|coulsey}} cover satiety and completeness as well as a filled container? Inheriting {{l|YAP-XX|ktu:lhʃa}} gives <code>full, filled, complete; satisfied</code>; restricting gives <code>full, filled</code>, and the branch then needs separate roots for "sated" and for "whole", neither of which is yet coined in any of the four languages. There is no Njeshan entry for this gloss.

== Distinctions English lacks ==

=== ''we'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣahəls}} || we || “first person plural” — person and number only, nothing on clusivity
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|γαισ}} || we || “we”
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ghale}} || we || “we”
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ghaal}} || we || “we”
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|ghá}} || we || “we”
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|neβon}} || we || “we”
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|guᵐbɛ}} || we (inclusive) || “we two, you and I”; “we (inclusive)”. Etymology: {{l|YCP-XX|gum}} (“you”) + {{l|YCP-XX|bɛ}} (“I”)
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|qodʰ}} || we || “we”, plus a usage note: whether it included the hearer “is not recoverable”, and beside {{l|YCP-XX|guᵐbɛ}} (“you and I”) it “is conventionally read as exclusive”
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ʔod}} || we || “we”, from {{l|YCP-XX|qodʰ}}; the same stage carries {{l|YCP-XA|guᵐbe}} “we two, you and I / we (inclusive)”
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|qoː}} || we || “we”, from {{l|YCP-XX|qodʰ}}; beside {{l|YCP-XB|gumɛ}} “we two, you and I / we (inclusive)”
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|ʔori}} || we || “we”, from {{l|YCP-XX|qodʰ}}; beside {{l|YCP-XC|gumɛ}} “we two, you and I / we (inclusive)”
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|qö}} || we || “we”, from {{l|YCP-XB|qoː}}; beside {{l|YCQ-BE|gume}} “we two, you and I / we (inclusive)”
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Eleven lemmas carry the bare gloss ''we'', but the Andusian branch is not among the unmarked: [[Dictionary:qodʰ]] states in its own usage notes that beside its partner it is conventionally read as exclusive, so {{l|YCP-XX|qodʰ}} should read '''we (exclusive)'''. The contrast survives to every daughter stage — each of {{l|YCP-XA|ʔod}}, {{l|YCP-XB|qoː}}, {{l|YCP-XC|ʔori}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|qö}} descends from ''qodʰ'' and stands beside an inherited reflex of {{l|YCP-XX|guᵐbɛ}} carrying the inclusive definition word for word — so those four should read '''we (exclusive)''' as well; if the operator prefers a gloss to rest only on what its own page says, that inference is the one part to withhold, and ''qodʰ'' alone changes. One inconsistency travels with the fix: {{l|YCP-XX|guᵐbɛ}} is glossed “we (inclusive)” while its four descendants {{l|YCP-XA|guᵐbe}}, {{l|YCP-XB|gumɛ}}, {{l|YCP-XC|gumɛ}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|gume}} are glossed “we two”, though all six carry identical definition lines. The clusivity form is the one that pairs with the fix above and matches the family's other pronoun pair, so the four should take '''we (inclusive)''', the dual reading staying on the first definition line.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the Herta-Olaic pronouns and Proto-Njeshan {{l|YBP-XX|neβon}} distinguish inclusive from exclusive at all? If they do not, clusivity is an Andusian feature, the six glosses stay “we”, and the “first person plural” of {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣahəls}} is the correct reading for the whole branch; if they do, each of {{l|YAP-XX|g͡ɣahəls}}, {{l|YAQ-HE|γαισ}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|ghale}}, {{l|YAR-AI|ghaal}}, {{l|YAS-AI|ghá}} and {{l|YBP-XX|neβon}} becomes “we (exclusive)” and six partner pronouns must be coined into a paradigm otherwise reconstructed unbroken from proto to Airananwe. Nothing on the six pages bears on it: the Herta-Olaic pronoun system is documented for number only ({{l|YAP-XX|ixaβ}} plural against {{l|YAP-XX|nwijɔ}} singular, ruling 8 above), and the Njeshan corpus has no paired pronoun of any kind, so its silence is especially weak evidence.

=== ''know'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|hɑtʲwɑ}} || know || “know, be familiar with, recognise”, with a related-terms line “Compare: {{l|YAP-XX|ɲijupt}} (see)”
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|χαδουισ}} || know || “know”
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|athwei}} || know || “know”
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|oothuee}} || know || “know”
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|authé}} || know || “know”
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|tarwil}} || know || “know”
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|emi}} || know || “know”; “recognize”; “know how, be able”; (figurative) “to be intimate with”
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|emi}} || know || “know”; “acknowledge”
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|emi}} || know || “know”; “recognize”; “know how, be able”
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|emi}} || know || “know”; “know how, be able”
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|emi}} || know || “know”; “recognize”; “know how, be able” — beside {{l|YCQ-BE|keśmi}} “to know how, be able; manage, succeed”, a compound of {{l|YCQ-BE|keś}} (“do”) and ''emi''
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Six of the eleven already state their range and only the gloss lags behind. {{l|YAP-XX|hɑtʲwɑ}} should read '''know, be familiar with''' — its definition names familiarity and recognition, which is the acquaintance sense, not the propositional one. The Andusian series should follow its own lines: {{l|YCP-XX|emi}} and {{l|YCP-XB|emi}} '''know, recognise; know how'''; {{l|YCP-XC|emi}} '''know; know how'''; {{l|YCP-XA|emi}} '''know, acknowledge'''. The ability sense in particular has no business being invisible: a reader of a translations box would otherwise never learn that these words also render “know how to”. Besoh is the exception — {{l|YCQ-BE|emi}} should take '''know, recognise''' only, because the ability sense is separately lexicalised there as {{l|YCQ-BE|keśmi}}, whose gloss is already “know how”; whether the two Besoh lemmas should both hold that sense is a collision of its own, invisible to the check that built this page because their gloss fields differ. Note also that the entries spell the recognition sense two ways — ''recognise'' on {{l|YAP-XX|hɑtʲwɑ}}, ''recognize'' on the four Andusian pages — and the glosses above regularise on the first.

'''Needs a ruling.''' For the four reflexes of {{l|YAP-XX|hɑtʲwɑ}} and for {{l|YBP-XX|tarwil}}, does one verb cover knowing a fact, being acquainted with a person, and knowing how — or does the language split them? If it is one verb, the glosses become “know (a fact or a person)” and the branch carries the proto's range forward unremarked; if it splits, {{l|YAQ-HE|χαδουισ}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|athwei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|oothuee}} and {{l|YAS-AI|authé}} narrow to propositional knowing — a change of sense against their own etymology, since the proto they inherit from is explicitly the familiarity verb — and each language then needs a new acquaintance verb. Nothing in the corpus is glossed “learn”, “understand” or “remember” in any language, and the only neighbouring verb anywhere is the Besoh compound {{l|YCQ-BE|keśmi}}.

=== ''say'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|nwa:ɛɲ}} || say || “say, speak, utter”, with “Compare: {{l|YAP-XX|upɔtʃi}} (name)”
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|νουιω}} || say || “say”; the language has no verb glossed “speak”
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|naenei}} || say || “say”; beside {{l|YAQ-GA|dinei}} “speak”
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|nayanee}} || say || “say”; beside {{l|YAR-AI|dienee}} “speak”
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|naié}} || say || “say”; beside {{l|YAS-AI|tiengé}} “speak”
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|djuka}} || say || “say”
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|gɔɛ}} || say || “say, speak, tell”; (by extension) “call, name”; (figurative) “to promise”; “to command”
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|goe}} || say || “say”; “pronounce, decree”
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|gɔː}} || say || “say, speak”; “tell”
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|gɔɛ}} || say || “say, speak”; “promise”
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|gö}} || say || “say, speak”; “tell” — etymology 2 of the page; etymology 1 is an unrelated noun “louse”, whose senses are not this word's
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' The whole Andusian series and the Herta-Olaic proto already say how wide they are: {{l|YAP-XX|nwa:ɛɲ}} → '''say, speak, utter'''; {{l|YCP-XX|gɔɛ}} → '''say, speak, tell'''; {{l|YCP-XB|gɔː}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|gö}} → '''say, speak, tell'''; {{l|YCP-XC|gɔɛ}} → '''say, speak'''; {{l|YCP-XA|goe}} → '''say, pronounce'''. Three further glosses need no change and should not be re-flagged: {{l|YAQ-GA|naenei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|nayanee}} and {{l|YAS-AI|naié}} each stand against a dedicated speak-verb in the same language, so “say” is already delimited on the side that matters.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do {{l|YAQ-HE|νουιω}} and {{l|YBP-XX|djuka}} cover speech generally, as their protos do, or only the uttering of words? If generally, both become “say, speak” and Ancient Hertic keeps the undivided proto verb; if narrowly, both stay “say” and each language needs a speak-verb — which would make Gaillean {{l|YAQ-GA|dinei}} the model for a lexeme Ancient Hertic never acquired on the same branch, though ''dinei'' carries {{tl|etym-missing}} and so is not itself inherited from {{l|YAP-XX|nwa:ɛɲ}}. The corpus is thin here and the absence proves little: outside Airananwe it holds no word for “language” or “word” either.

=== ''smell'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|b͡βɪɲo:}} || smell || “smell, perceive by nose”; “give off a smell” — both directions, explicitly
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|φιουνισ}} || smell || “smell”
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|bhinwei}} || smell || “smell”
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|bhinuee}} || smell || “smell”
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|bhynué}} || smell || “smell”
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|femug}} || smell || “smell”; “sniff”; (by extension) “track by scent”
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|femug}} || smell || “smell”; “sniff”; (by extension) “track by scent”
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|femuʔ}} || smell || “smell”; “sniff”; (by extension) “track by scent”
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|femugi}} || smell || “smell”; “sniff”; (by extension) “track by scent”
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|femu'}} || smell || “smell”; “sniff”; (by extension) “track by scent”
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' {{l|YAP-XX|b͡βɪɲo:}} spells out both directions and its gloss should say so: '''smell (perceive or give off an odour)'''. The five Andusian words are agentive perception throughout — every sense they record is sniffing or tracking by scent, and no emission sense appears anywhere in the branch — so {{l|YCP-XX|femug}}, {{l|YCP-XA|femug}}, {{l|YCP-XB|femuʔ}}, {{l|YCP-XC|femugi}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|femu'}} should read '''smell (perceive an odour)''', leaving “sniff” and “track by scent” to the definition lines.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Do the four reflexes of {{l|YAP-XX|b͡βɪɲo:}} keep the proto's second sense, “give off a smell”? If they do, {{l|YAQ-HE|φιουνισ}}, {{l|YAQ-GA|bhinwei}}, {{l|YAR-AI|bhinuee}} and {{l|YAS-AI|bhynué}} take “smell (perceive or give off an odour)” and the alternation becomes a stable branch feature; if they do not, they take “smell (perceive an odour)” and four languages are left with no way to say that something stinks, since no lexeme in the corpus is glossed “stink”, “reek” or “odour” and there is no noun for a smell in any language — so the second half of that ruling is a commission, not just a gloss.

=== ''come'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Herta-Olaic || {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xiɛɹt}} || come || “come, approach, arrive — motion toward the speaker”
|-
| Ancient Hertic || {{l|YAQ-HE|γιτσισ}} || come || “come”
|-
| Gaillean || {{l|YAQ-GA|ghirtei}} || come || “come”
|-
| Middle Airananwe || {{l|YAR-AI|ghirtee}} || come || “come”
|-
| Airananwe || {{l|YAS-AI|ghité}} || come || “come”
|-
| Proto-Njeshan || {{l|YBP-XX|kavilm}} || come || “come”
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|kɛ}} || come || “come, arrive”; (by extension) “become, come to be”; (figurative) “to happen, come to pass”; antonym {{l|YCP-XX|dʰes}} “go”
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|ke}} || come || “come, arrive”; “visit”
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|kɛ}} || come || “come”; “happen, befall” — etymology 2 of the page; etymology 1 is a conjunction, “because, for / from, out of”
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|kɛ}} || come || “come”; “become”
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|ke}} || come || “come”; “happen, befall” — likewise etymology 2, beside the same conjunction
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' Six glosses hide a sense their own page records, and none of the six fixes touches the deictic question below. {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xiɛɹt}} → '''come, approach, arrive'''; {{l|YCP-XX|kɛ}} → '''come, arrive; become'''; {{l|YCP-XA|ke}} → '''come, arrive'''; {{l|YCP-XC|kɛ}} → '''come; become'''; {{l|YCP-XB|kɛ}} and {{l|YCQ-BE|ke}} → '''come; happen'''. The copular and eventive senses are worth the space — they are what a translations box would most easily send a reader wrong on — where the motion senses “visit” and “arrive” can stay on the definition lines.

'''Needs a ruling.''' Does a come-verb cover approach short of arrival as well as arrival itself, and is its motion reckoned toward the speaker as {{l|YAP-XX|k͡xiɛɹt}} alone says? Only the Herta-Olaic proto records either point; {{l|YCP-XX|kɛ}} names arrival but not approach, and the other nine say only “come”. If the proto's reading holds generally, the ten inherit “come, approach, arrive” and the deixis is worth putting in the gloss as “(toward the speaker)”, since a translations box is read without the entry beside it; if approach is excluded, every one of those languages needs an approach-verb and the corpus has none — nothing anywhere is glossed “approach”, “arrive”, “depart” or “leave”, the stock of path verbs running to the walk-series ({{l|YCP-XX|cɔki}} “walk, go / travel on foot”, {{l|YAP-XX|uəɲu}}), the Andusian go-series, and one Besoh derivative, {{l|YCQ-BE|lavñevä}} “return, turn back”.

=== ''go'' ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! Current gloss !! What the entry's own definition says
|-
| Proto-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XX|dʰes}} || go || “{{l|YXS-EN|go}}, depart”; “set out”; “leave”; (figurative) “to die (euphemistic)”; antonym {{l|YCP-XX|kɛ}} “come”
|-
| Proto-North-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XA|dɛs}} || go || “{{l|YXS-EN|go}}”; “travel”
|-
| Proto-South-Andusian || {{l|YCP-XB|hes}} || go || “{{l|YXS-EN|go}}, depart”; “set out”; “leave”
|-
| Proto-Unterian || {{l|YCP-XC|resi}} || go || “{{l|YXS-EN|go}}, depart”; “die (of elders)”
|-
| Besoh || {{l|YCQ-BE|hes}} || go || “{{l|YXS-EN|go}}, depart”; “set out”; “leave”
|}

'''Answerable from the entries.''' This one is settled twice over. The English lemma [[Dictionary:go]] — the only one of the six glosses in this section to have one — defines ''go'' as “To move away from where one is; to depart” and, euphemistically, “To die”, and its translations box carries the sense gloss “to move away from where one is; to depart” with all five Andusian words under it; each of the five points back at that lemma from its own first definition line. Four of them then say “depart / set out / leave” in their own words, and the branch lexicalises the contrast independently: {{l|YCP-XX|dʰes}} is departure, {{l|YCP-XX|cɔki}} “walk, go / travel on foot” is locomotion. The glosses should read '''go, depart''' for {{l|YCP-XX|dʰes}}, {{l|YCP-XB|hes}}, {{l|YCQ-BE|hes}} and {{l|YCP-XC|resi}}, and '''go, depart; travel''' for {{l|YCP-XA|dɛs}}, the one member whose own definition omits departure while the translations box still files it under that sense. The euphemistic death sense on {{l|YCP-XX|dʰes}} and {{l|YCP-XC|resi}} mirrors sense 2 of the English lemma and needs no room in the gloss. No word outside Andusian is glossed “go”, so nothing here touches the other two families, and row 50's own verdict — that the Andusian ''go'' family is ruled as depart — is already on the page; only the gloss field is outstanding.

[[Category:Yezur Wiki]]

Yezur Wiki:English lemma worklist

2026-08-27T13:25:19Z

Thiorosan: Phase 0 of the English pass: triage all 711 glosses into lemmas, senses and non-lemmas, ranked by how many languages share each

This page is the worklist for giving every Yezuri word an English entry to be translated from — the hub-language pass described at [[Yezur Wiki:Dictionary structure]]. It is a '''proposal''': the triage below was made mechanically and then by judgement, and the operator rules.

== Where the number comes from ==

The '''Lexemes''' table holds 4,284 non-English lexemes carrying '''711''' distinct glosses. Of those, 42 already have an English entry.

Glosses do not map one-to-one onto lemmas. Thirty-seven are a head word with a sense in brackets — ''bone (body part)'' beside ''bone (material)'' — and every one of those head words is already a gloss in its own right, so they add '''senses''', not pages. Collapsing them leaves '''638''' settled lemmas and '''36''' glosses that needed a judgement call.

'''598 lemmas still want an entry.''' Ranked by how many languages share the gloss, since that is how much a translations box is worth:

{| class="wikitable"
! Languages sharing the gloss !! Lemmas !! Note
|-
| 10–11 || 163 || core vocabulary; the richest boxes
|-
| 6–9 || 23 ||
|-
| 3–5 || 281 ||
|-
| 1–2 || 131 || a box here has one or two rows
|}

== The 36 judgement calls ==

=== Treat as an English lemma ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Languages !! Lemma !! Why
|-
| ''-er, person affix'' || 1 || English suffix, at [[Dictionary:-er|-er]]
|-
| ''-ness'' || 3 || English suffix
|-
| ''a, an'' || 1 || at a
|-
| ''be born'' || 3 || phrasal verb
|-
| ''bite, eat'' || 1 || at bite; the eat sense is a second definition
|-
| ''body hair'' || 3 || compound noun
|-
| ''female, woman'' || 1 || at female
|-
| ''give up'' || 1 || phrasal verb
|-
| ''head louse'' || 3 || compound noun
|-
| ''high tide'' || 3 || compound noun
|-
| ''lie down'' || 10 || phrasal verb
|-
| ''low tide'' || 3 || compound noun
|-
| ''male, man'' || 1 || at male
|-
| ''old man'' || 3 || multi-word noun
|-
| ''old woman'' || 3 || multi-word noun
|-
| ''open sea'' || 1 || compound noun
|-
| ''to voyage'' || 1 || at voyage — the to is an infinitive marker, not part of the word
|-
| ''today, now, at this time'' || 1 || at today
|-
| ''tomorrow, the day after'' || 2 || at tomorrow
|-
| ''whole, full'' || 1 || at whole
|-
| ''yesterday, the day before'' || 2 || at yesterday
|-
| ''young man'' || 3 || multi-word noun
|-
| ''young woman'' || 3 || multi-word noun
|}

=== A sense of an existing lemma, not a page of its own ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Languages !! Belongs at
|-
| ''flowing water'' || 3 || ''water''
|-
| ''hand and forearm'' || 4 || ''arm''
|-
| ''know how'' || 1 || ''know''
|-
| ''mangrove swamp'' || 1 || ''swamp''
|-
| ''mother's brother'' || 4 || ''uncle''
|-
| ''the right, entitlement'' || 1 || ''right''
|-
| ''we two'' || 4 || ''we (dual)''
|-
| ''yearly flood'' || 2 || ''flood''
|}

=== Not an English lemma at all ===
These gloss what an affix ''does''. The affix entries keep them as definitions; no English page follows.

{| class="wikitable"
! Gloss !! Languages !! Reason
|-
| ''abstract noun'' || 1 || describes what a suffix derives
|-
| ''adverbial marker'' || 1 || a grammatical label
|-
| ''person affix'' || 2 || describes what an affix does, not an English word
|-
| ''result noun'' || 2 || describes what a suffix derives
|}

=== Needs a ruling ===
* ''he/she/it/etc'' (4 languages) — English has no single lemma covering all three; needs a ruling

== Open questions ==

# '''Do the 1–2 language lemmas earn a page?''' A translations box with a single row states little. They could be deferred until a second language shares the gloss.
# '''How far down the ranking does this pass go?''' The 10–11 band is the natural first tranche.
# '''Reciprocity.''' [[Yezur Wiki:Dictionary structure]] holds that a foreign entry links back to its English lemma with <code><nowiki>{{d|word|YXS-EN}}</nowiki></code>. Most of the 4,284 foreign entries carry a plain gloss instead, so honouring this in full is roughly four thousand edits — mechanical, and arguably the same job as the deferred inflected-form bot.

== First tranche ==

The 163 lemmas whose gloss is shared by ten or eleven languages:

:all, and, animal, ash, at, back, bad, bark, because, belly, bite, blow, breast, breathe, burn, cold, come, correct, count, cut, dig, dirty, drink, dry, dull, dust, ear, egg, fall, far, fat, fear, feather, few, fight, fingernail, fish, five, float, flow, flower, fly, fog, foot, forest, four, fruit, full, grass, green, guts, hair, head, heart, heavy, here, hold, horn, how, hunt, husband, if, in, kill, knee, know, lake, laugh, leaf, left, leg, live, liver, louse, many, meat, mountain, mouth, narrow, near, neck, night, nose, not, old, one, other, person, play, pull, push, rain, right, river, root, rope, rotten, round, rub, salt, sand, say, scratch, sea, seed, sew, sharp, short, sing, sit, skin, sky, smell, smoke, smooth, snake, some, spit, split, squeeze, stab, stand, star, stick, stone, straight, suck, swell, swim, tail, that, there, they, thick, thin, think, this, three, throw, tie, tongue, tooth, turn, two, vomit, walk, wash, we, wet, what, when, where, who, wide, wife, wind, wing, wipe, with, worm, year, yellow, you

[[Category:Yezur Wiki]]

List of languages

2026-08-27T13:06:47Z

Thiorosan: Notes: place Old Usinger between Old Ousperian and Usinger

This list of languages catalogues the attested languages of the world, living and extinct, with the family, era, and principal region of each. The world's languages belong to five major [[:Category:Language families|language families]] — [[Herta-Olaic]], [[Njeshan]], [[Andusian]], [[Shung-Worrehan]], and [[Tacchoan]] — or stand outside them as [[:Category:Language isolates|language isolates]]. Modern languages, still spoken today, are listed separately from historical languages of earlier eras, several of which are the direct ancestors of modern languages. Reconstructed proto-languages, such as Proto-Herta-Olaic, are described in the articles on their families and are not listed separately.

== Modern languages ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Language !! Native name !! Family !! Region !! Code !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|[[Airananwe language|Airananwe]]
|''Airánanue''
|[[Herta-Olaic]]
|
|YAS-AI
|
|-
|[[Anilonic language|Anilonic]]
|''Aniljew''
|[[Njeshan]]
|
|YBS-AL
|
|-
| [[English language|English]] || — || Language isolate || [[Engil]] || YXS-EN, YXS-NE || Spoken in two forms, Traditional English and New English.
|-
| [[Lonish language|Lonish]] || ''Lôniêv'' || [[Njeshan]] || [[Betonia]] || YBS-LO || Descends from [[Otjesi language|Otjesi]].
|-
| [[Nichana language|Nichana]] || ''Nehchánh'' || [[Njeshan]] || Northwestern [[Ignusia]] || YBS-NI || Descends from [[High Nichana language|High Nichana]].
|-
| [[Pjany language|Pjany]] || ''Peanei'' || [[Njeshan]] || Southwestern [[Ignusia]] || YBS-PJ || Descends from [[Pises language|Pises]].
|-
|[[Senitian language|Senitian]]
|''Sennic''
|[[Tacchoan]]
|
|YDS-SE
|
|-
|[[Usinger language|Usinger]]
|''Yszènnu''
|[[Tacchoan]]
|
|YDS-YS
|
|-
| [[Uu language|Uu]] || ''Uu-Co'' || [[Njeshan]] || Northwestern [[Ignusia]] || YBS-UU || Little changed since its medieval form.
|}

== Historical languages ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Language !! Native name !! Family !! Era !! Region !! Code !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| [[Ancient Hertic language|Ancient Hertic]] || ''Χερτεχι'' || [[Herta-Olaic]] || Ancient || [[Hertia]] || YAQ-HE || Spoken on the eastern inland sea of [[Ignusia]], in a region often described as the cradle of civilization.
|-
| [[Besoh language|Besoh]] || ''Bëson'' || [[Andusian]] || Ancient || Southern mainland of [[Andusia]] || YCQ-BE || Earliest attested Andusian language; conservative spelling of an earlier stage.
|-
|[[Esselitian language|Esselitian]]
|''Ezjec''
|[[Tacchoan]]
|Ancient
|Esselis
|YDQ-ES
|
|-
| [[Gaillean language|Gaillean]] || ''Ghaellea'' || [[Herta-Olaic]] || Ancient || — || YAQ-GA || Source language of scientific binomials, the standard register for natural-science naming.
|-
|[[High Gaillean language|High Gaillean]]
|''Gwalea''
|[[Herta-Olaic]]
|Medieval
|
|YAR-GW
|Major liturgic language.
|-
| [[High Nichana language|High Nichana]]|| — || [[Njeshan]]|| Medieval || — || YBR-HN || Ancestor of [[Nichana language|Nichana]].
|-
|[[Kankai language|Kankai]]
|
|[[Tacchoan]]
|Medieval
|
|YDR-KK
|
|-
|[[Middle Airananwe language|Middle Airananwe]]
|''Hayraanye''
|[[Herta-Olaic]]
|Medieval
|
|YAR-AI
|Ancestor of [[Airananwe language|Airananwe]]
|-
|[[Old Ousperian language|Old Ousperian]]
|''Ösuppə''
|[[Tacchoan]]
|Ancient
|
|YDQ-PY
|Ancestor of [[Terjiquan language|Terjiquan]] and of [[Old Usinger language|Old Usinger]].
|-
|[[Old Usinger language|Old Usinger]]
|''Yszènqè''
|[[Tacchoan]]
|Medieval
|
|YDR-YS
|
|-
| [[Otjesi language|Otjesi]] || — || [[Njeshan]] || Medieval || — || YBR-OT || Ancestor of [[Lonish language|Lonish]].
|-
| [[Pises language|Pises]] || — || [[Njeshan]] || Medieval || — || YBR-PI || Ancestor of [[Pjany language|Pjany]].
|-
|[[Skennic language|Skennic]]
|''Sgeeni''
|[[Herta-Olaic]]
|Ancient
|
|YAQ-SK
|
|-
|[[Terjiquan language|Terjiquan]]
|''Tertzikkè''
|[[Tacchoan]]
|Medieval
|
|YDR-TZ
|
|}

[[Category:Languages| ]]

Usinger language

2026-08-27T13:06:46Z

Thiorosan: Record the descent: Old Ousperian > Old Usinger > Usinger (operator)

{{Infobox language
|name=Usinger
|native_name=Yszènnu
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Modern
|code=YDS-YS
}}
'''Usinger''' (''Yszènnu'') is a modern language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It descends from [[Old Usinger language|Old Usinger]], and through it from [[Old Ousperian language|Old Ousperian]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Modern languages]]

Old Usinger language

2026-08-27T13:06:44Z

Thiorosan: Record the descent: Old Ousperian > Old Usinger > Usinger (operator)

{{Infobox language
|name=Old Usinger
|native_name=Yszènqè
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Medieval
|code=YDR-YS
}}
'''Old Usinger''' (''Yszènqè'') is a medieval language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It descends from [[Old Ousperian language|Old Ousperian]] and is the ancestor of [[Usinger language|Usinger]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]

Old Ousperian language

2026-08-27T13:06:42Z

Thiorosan: Record the descent: Old Ousperian > Old Usinger > Usinger (operator)

{{Infobox language
|name=Old Ousperian
|native_name=Ösuppə
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Ancient
|code=YDQ-PY
}}
'''Old Ousperian''' (''Ösuppə'') is an ancient language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It is the ancestor of [[Terjiquan language|Terjiquan]] and, through [[Old Usinger language|Old Usinger]], of [[Usinger language|Usinger]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Ancient languages]]

Usinger language

2026-08-27T12:33:52Z

Thiorosan: Create: modern language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Usinger
|native_name=Yszènnu
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Modern
|code=YDS-YS
}}
'''Usinger''' (''Yszènnu'') is a modern language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It descends from [[Old Ousperian language|Old Ousperian]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Modern languages]]

Senitian language

2026-08-27T12:33:50Z

Thiorosan: Create: modern language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Senitian
|native_name=Sennic
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Modern
|code=YDS-SE
}}
'''Senitian''' (''Sennic'') is a modern language of the [[Tacchoan]] family.

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Modern languages]]

Terjiquan language

2026-08-27T12:33:49Z

Thiorosan: Create: medieval language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Terjiquan
|native_name=Tertzikkè
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Medieval
|code=YDR-TZ
}}
'''Terjiquan''' (''Tertzikkè'') is a medieval language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It descends from [[Old Ousperian language|Old Ousperian]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]

Kankai language

2026-08-27T12:33:48Z

Thiorosan: Create: medieval language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Kankai
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Medieval
|code=YDR-KK
}}
'''Kankai''' is a medieval language of the [[Tacchoan]] family.

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]

Old Usinger language

2026-08-27T12:33:46Z

Thiorosan: Create: medieval language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

Old Ousperian language

2026-08-27T12:33:44Z

Thiorosan: Create: ancient language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Old Ousperian
|native_name=Ösuppə
|family=Tacchoan
|era=Ancient
|code=YDQ-PY
}}
'''Old Ousperian''' (''Ösuppə'') is an ancient language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It is the ancestor of [[Terjiquan language|Terjiquan]] and [[Usinger language|Usinger]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Ancient languages]]

Esselitian language

2026-08-27T12:33:41Z

Thiorosan: Create: ancient language of the Tacchoan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Esselitian
|native_name=Ezjec
|family=Tacchoan
|region=Esselis
|era=Ancient
|code=YDQ-ES
}}
'''Esselitian''' (''Ezjec'') is an ancient language of the [[Tacchoan]] family. It belongs to the Esselis branch, in the centre of [[Taccho]].

[[Category:Tacchoan languages]]
[[Category:Ancient languages]]

Anilonic language

2026-08-27T12:33:38Z

Thiorosan: Create: modern language of the Njeshan family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Anilonic
|native_name=Aniljew
|family=Njeshan
|era=Modern
|code=YBS-AL
}}
'''Anilonic''' (''Aniljew'') is a modern language of the [[Njeshan]] family.

[[Category:Njeshan languages]]
[[Category:Modern languages]]

High Gaillean language

2026-08-27T12:33:37Z

Thiorosan: Create: medieval language of the Herta-Olaic family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=High Gaillean
|native_name=Gwalea
|family=Herta-Olaic
|era=Medieval
|code=YAR-GW
}}
'''High Gaillean''' (''Gwalea'') is a medieval language of the [[Herta-Olaic]] family. It is a major liturgic language.

[[Category:Herta-Olaic languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]

Skennic language

2026-08-27T12:33:35Z

Thiorosan: Create: ancient language of the Herta-Olaic family, from the registry and List of languages

{{Infobox language
|name=Skennic
|native_name=Sgeeni
|family=Herta-Olaic
|era=Ancient
|code=YAQ-SK
}}
'''Skennic''' (''Sgeeni'') is an ancient language of the [[Herta-Olaic]] family.

[[Category:Herta-Olaic languages]]
[[Category:Ancient languages]]

Category:Tacchoan languages

2026-08-27T12:33:34Z

Thiorosan: Create: the Tacchoan counterpart of Category:Herta-Olaic languages, Njeshan languages and Andusian languages

[[Category:Languages]]

Module:Translations/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:53Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Translations]], the translations-box renderer for the Yezur wiki. It is not called directly: [[Template:Translations]] invokes it with <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Translations|render}}</nowiki></code> and the module reads the parameters given to that template. One box covers one English sense and lists the words the world's languages use for it, grouped by macro-family; boxes sit under a <code><nowiki>====Translations====</nowiki></code> heading following that sense's definitions, inside the English section of a Dictionary entry. Worked examples are at [[Template:Translations/testcases]].

== Parameters ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>gloss</code> || The sense being translated, shown in italics after ''Translations'' and an em dash in the box heading. Required: a headword with several senses carries one box per sense, and the gloss is what keeps them apart. When it is omitted the heading reads <code>no gloss given</code> in the error style instead.
|-
| ''CODE'' || A registry code from [[Module:Languages]] used as the parameter name — <code>YAQ-HE</code>, <code>YBS-PJ</code>, <code>YCQ-BE</code> — with that language's word for the sense as the value. Any number may be given. A single value may hold several synonyms separated by commas, each of which is linked separately.
|}

Every named parameter other than <code>gloss</code> is read as a language code; codes are matched case-insensitively. Parameters with an empty value are skipped, as are positional parameters. A gloss given on its own still renders the heading and an otherwise empty box; the module returns nothing at all when it is given neither a gloss nor any language parameter.

== Grouping and order ==

Each word is linked to its Dictionary entry through [[Module:Languages]], which anchors the link to the language's section heading and prefixes an asterisk for reconstructed languages — the star comes from the registry, not from the wikitext. Group headings are the registry's <code>family</code> field; known codes carrying no family are gathered under ''Isolates''.

Rows are sorted by the second letter of the code, which is the family, then by the third, which is the era (<code>P</code> proto, <code>Q</code> ancient, <code>R</code> medieval, <code>S</code> modern, so alphabetical order is also chronological), then by language name, then by the code itself. The second letter likewise picks the colour class, <code>tfam-</code> followed by that letter. Colours and layout come from [[Template:Translations/styles.css]], which the module loads through TemplateStyles; it defines <code>tfam-A</code> to <code>tfam-E</code> for the five families and <code>tfam-X</code> for the isolate codes.

A code the registry does not know is not silently dropped. Its words are left unlinked and printed after all the family groups as <code>unrecognized code ''CODE'': ''word''</code> in red, so that a typo or a language missing from the registry shows on the page.

The box is display-only: it stores nothing and is hand-curated per sense, in the same way as the family Members tables.

Module:MiddleAirananwe/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:52Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:MiddleAirananwe]], the noun declension generator for [[Middle Airananwe language|Middle Airananwe]] (<code>YAR-AI</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It is not called directly: [[Template:YAR-AI-decl]] invokes it as <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:MiddleAirananwe|decl}}</nowiki></code>, and Dictionary entries transclude that template under their <code>====Declension====</code> heading. The module builds the endings from the spelling of the headword alone; it does not call [[Module:Auphen]], and [[Module:Auphen/YAR-AI]] accordingly carries pronunciation data only, its <code>sets</code> table of named rulesets being empty.

Middle Airananwe has a single declension, so there is no class parameter. Four cases are generated in two numbers; the language has no gender and no vocative.

== Parameters ==

Arguments are read from the transcluding template, so these are parameters of [[Template:YAR-AI-decl]] rather than of the invocation.

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>word</code> || The headword to decline. Defaults to the page title without its namespace prefix, which is the usual case in Dictionary entries.
|-
| <code>1</code> || An unnamed alternative to <code>word</code>, used when <code>word</code> is absent.
|}

Ordinary use in an entry is therefore <code><nowiki>{{YAR-AI-decl}}</nowiki></code>; <code><nowiki>{{YAR-AI-decl|word=abhoone}}</nowiki></code> overrides the title, for entries whose page name is not the citation form and for showing the table away from an entry.

== Endings ==

The ending attaches to the bare lexeme. Where two forms are given below, the first follows a vowel and the second a consonant, the <code>-e-</code> being a linking vowel; the dative singular takes <code>-i</code> in both environments. The vowels recognised are <code>a e i o u</code> and their macron forms, in lower case.

{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! NOM
| — || <code>-r</code> / <code>-er</code>
|-
! GEN
| <code>-n</code> / <code>-en</code> || <code>-rn</code> / <code>-ern</code>
|-
! DAT
| <code>-i</code> || <code>-ri</code> / <code>-eri</code>
|-
! ACC
| <code>-s</code> / <code>-es</code> || <code>-rs</code> / <code>-ers</code>
|}

A word-final <code>-e</code> is discarded before the dative singular <code>-i</code>, and there only: ''abhoone'' gives dative singular ''abhooni'' but dative plural ''abhooneri''. Only the one letter is removed, so ''arree'' gives ''arrei''.

The output is a <code>wikitable</code> with the columns SG and PL and the case names down the side, the forms set in bold and the cell text centred.

Module:Languages/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:51Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Languages]], the language-code registry for the Yezur wiki. It maps a registry code — the <code>code</code> field of [[Template:Infobox language]] — onto a language's display name, its Dictionary section, its family and whether it is reconstructed, and it is the single place those are recorded. Wikitext reaches it through <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|…}}</nowiki></code>, in [[Template:D]], [[Template:L]], [[Template:M]], [[Template:Desc]], [[Template:Head]] and [[Template:Etym-missing]]; [[Module:Head]], [[Module:Labels]] and [[Module:Translations]] <code>require</code> the module and reach entries through its exported <code>_get</code>, the registry table itself being local to the module.

Codes take the form <code>Y</code>, a family letter, an era letter, a hyphen and a two-letter tag for the language, as in <code>YAQ-HE</code> for Ancient Hertic. The second letter is the family — <code>A</code> [[Herta-Olaic]], <code>B</code> [[Njeshan]], <code>C</code> [[Andusian]], <code>D</code> [[Tacchoan]], <code>E</code> [[Shung-Worrehan]] (no code registered under it yet), <code>X</code> isolate — and the third the era, <code>P</code> proto, <code>Q</code> ancient, <code>R</code> medieval, <code>S</code> modern, so that alphabetical order of codes is chronological order of languages. [[Module:Translations]] reads those two letters off the code itself to order its rows: families fall in letter order, isolates last, and within a family the older stages first.

== Registry fields ==

Each entry in the table is keyed by its code and carries:

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Purpose
|-
| <code>name</code> || The display name. Shown by [[Template:Desc]] and as the row label of a translations box, stored in the <code>langname</code> field of the <code>Lexemes</code> row by [[Template:Head]], and used by [[Module:Head]], [[Module:Labels]] and [[Template:Etym-missing]] to build category names such as <code>Category:Pjany lemmas</code> and <code>Category:Gaillean entries needing etymology</code>.
|-
| <code>section</code> || The level-2 heading the language's entries file under in the Dictionary, and so the anchor every generated link points at. It differs from <code>name</code> where two forms of one language share a section: <code>YXS-NE</code> New English files under <code>English</code>.
|-
| <code>recon</code> || Set to <code>true</code> for a reconstructed language. Its forms are rendered with a leading <code>*</code> in headwords, links and mentions; the page title itself carries no asterisk.
|-
| <code>family</code> || The macro-family, used by [[Module:Translations]] to group a translations box. Isolates carry no <code>family</code> and are gathered under ''Isolates'' at the end of the box.
|}

== Entry points ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Call !! Backs !! Result
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|name|CODE}}</nowiki></code> || [[Template:Head]], [[Template:Etym-missing]] || The display name.
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|section|CODE}}</nowiki></code> || — || The Dictionary section heading.
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|dlink|word|code|label}}</nowiki></code> || [[Template:D]] || A link to <code>Dictionary:''word''</code> anchored at the language's section. Word first.
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|link|code|word|label}}</nowiki></code> || [[Template:L]] || The same link, code first, for lists of synonyms and derived terms.
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|mention|code|word|label}}</nowiki></code> || [[Template:M]] || The same link italicised, for mentions in running prose.
|-
| <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Languages|desc|code|word|label}}</nowiki></code> || [[Template:Desc]] || The display name, a colon, then the link — a Descendants-section line.
|}

The last parameter of the four link-building calls is optional display text, defaulting to the word; a parameter left blank counts as absent. Codes and words are trimmed, and codes are matched without regard to case. Given no word, <code>dlink</code>, <code>link</code> and <code>mention</code> return an empty string and <code>desc</code> returns the display name alone.

An unrecognised or omitted code is not an error. <code>name</code> and <code>section</code> return an empty string, <code>desc</code> falls back to printing the code itself as the name, and the link calls still emit a link — to the top of the Dictionary page, with no section anchor and no reconstruction asterisk. [[Template:Translations]] is the exception: it renders unknown codes visibly as errors rather than passing them through.

Two functions are exported for other modules rather than for wikitext. <code>_get(code)</code> returns the registry entry for a code, or <code>nil</code>; <code>_build_link(word, entry, display)</code> builds the anchored, starred Dictionary link from an entry.

Because the display names live here, renaming a language is a one-line edit to the registry rather than a sweep of every page that mentions it. The table has to be kept in step with the <code>code</code> fields of [[Template:Infobox language]] and with the tables at [[List of languages]], which catalogue the codes in use; a language absent from the registry is invisible to the dictionary templates, which fall back to unanchored links. See [[Yezur Wiki:Dictionary structure]].

Module:Labels/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:50Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Labels]], the sense-label renderer for the Yezur wiki's Dictionary. It is not called directly: [[Template:Lb]] invokes it as <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Labels|lb|CODE|label1|label2|…}}</nowiki></code>, passing a language code and up to seven labels. The module returns those labels comma-joined, italicised and parenthesised, in the order given — <code><nowiki>{{lb|YAP-XX|by extension}}</nowiki></code> renders ''(by extension)'' at the head of a definition line — and appends a per-language category for each label it recognises. When no label survives trimming it returns nothing at all.

== Parameters ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>1</code> || The language code, such as <code>YBS-PJ</code>. It is trimmed and matched without regard to case in [[Module:Languages]], which supplies the display name used in the category titles; the code itself is never shown.
|-
| <code>2</code>, <code>3</code>, … || The labels, in display order. Each is trimmed, and empty values are skipped. Reading stops at the first argument that is absent altogether, which only affects direct invocation: [[Template:Lb]] always supplies slots 2 to 8, so unfilled slots between filled ones do no harm.
|}

== Categorising labels ==

A label in the table below files the page into a category named after the language, written ''Lang'' here: under <code>YBS-PJ</code>, <code>transitive</code> adds [[:Category:Pjany transitive verbs]]. Recognition ignores case, but only a shorthand is rewritten — the shorthands in the second column are replaced by the canonical label before display, whereas a canonical label is shown exactly as typed, so <code>Transitive</code> renders ''(Transitive)'' and categorises all the same.

{| class="wikitable"
! Label !! Shorthand !! Category
|-
! colspan="3" | Verbs
|-
| <code>transitive</code> || <code>tr</code> || ''Lang'' transitive verbs
|-
| <code>intransitive</code> || <code>intr</code> || ''Lang'' intransitive verbs
|-
| <code>ambitransitive</code> || || ''Lang'' ambitransitive verbs
|-
| <code>ditransitive</code> || <code>ditr</code> || ''Lang'' ditransitive verbs
|-
| <code>ergative</code> || || ''Lang'' ergative verbs
|-
| <code>reflexive</code> || || ''Lang'' reflexive verbs
|-
| <code>impersonal</code> || || ''Lang'' impersonal verbs
|-
| <code>copulative</code> || || ''Lang'' copulative verbs
|-
| <code>auxiliary</code> || || ''Lang'' auxiliary verbs
|-
| <code>modal</code> || || ''Lang'' modal verbs
|-
| <code>causative</code> || || ''Lang'' causative verbs
|-
| <code>deponent</code> || || ''Lang'' deponent verbs
|-
| <code>pronominal</code> || || ''Lang'' pronominal verbs
|-
| <code>reciprocal</code> || || ''Lang'' reciprocal verbs
|-
! colspan="3" | Nouns
|-
| <code>countable</code> || <code>count</code> || ''Lang'' countable nouns
|-
| <code>uncountable</code> || <code>uncount</code> || ''Lang'' uncountable nouns
|-
| <code>collective</code> || || ''Lang'' collective nouns
|-
| <code>singular only</code> || || ''Lang'' singular-only nouns
|-
| <code>plural only</code> || || ''Lang'' plural-only nouns
|-
| <code>attributive</code> || || ''Lang'' attributive terms
|-
! colspan="3" | Adjectives
|-
| <code>comparable</code> || || ''Lang'' comparable adjectives
|-
| <code>not comparable</code> || || ''Lang'' uncomparable adjectives
|-
| <code>predicative</code> || || ''Lang'' predicative-only terms
|-
! colspan="3" | Register and usage
|-
| <code>slang</code> || || ''Lang'' slang
|-
| <code>colloquial</code> || <code>colloq</code> || ''Lang'' colloquialisms
|-
| <code>informal</code> || || ''Lang'' informal terms
|-
| <code>formal</code> || || ''Lang'' formal terms
|-
| <code>vulgar</code> || || ''Lang'' vulgarities
|-
| <code>derogatory</code> || <code>derog</code> || ''Lang'' derogatory terms
|-
| <code>offensive</code> || || ''Lang'' offensive terms
|-
| <code>slur</code> || || ''Lang'' slurs
|-
| <code>euphemistic</code> || <code>euph</code> || ''Lang'' euphemisms
|-
| <code>dysphemistic</code> || || ''Lang'' dysphemisms
|-
| <code>humorous</code> || <code>hum</code> || ''Lang'' humorous terms
|-
| <code>endearing</code> || || ''Lang'' terms of endearment
|-
| <code>familiar</code> || || ''Lang'' familiar terms
|-
| <code>childish</code> || || ''Lang'' childish terms
|-
| <code>honorific</code> || || ''Lang'' honorifics
|-
| <code>humble</code> || || ''Lang'' humble terms
|-
| <code>polite</code> || || ''Lang'' polite terms
|-
| <code>solemn</code> || || ''Lang'' solemn terms
|-
| <code>poetic</code> || || ''Lang'' poetic terms
|-
| <code>literary</code> || || ''Lang'' literary terms
|-
| <code>journalistic</code> || || ''Lang'' journalistic terms
|-
| <code>technical</code> || || ''Lang'' technical terms
|-
| <code>rustic</code> || || ''Lang'' rustic terms
|-
| <code>proscribed</code> || || ''Lang'' proscribed terms
|-
| <code>nonstandard</code> || || ''Lang'' nonstandard terms
|-
| <code>dialectal</code> || || ''Lang'' dialectal terms
|-
! colspan="3" | Temporal
|-
| <code>archaic</code> || <code>arch</code> || ''Lang'' archaic terms
|-
| <code>dated</code> || || ''Lang'' dated terms
|-
| <code>obsolete</code> || <code>obs</code> || ''Lang'' obsolete terms
|-
| <code>historical</code> || || ''Lang'' historical terms
|-
| <code>rare</code> || || ''Lang'' rare terms
|-
| <code>uncommon</code> || || ''Lang'' uncommon terms
|-
| <code>neologism</code> || || ''Lang'' neologisms
|-
! colspan="3" | Word formation
|-
| <code>abbreviation</code> || || ''Lang'' abbreviations
|-
| <code>acronym</code> || || ''Lang'' acronyms
|-
| <code>initialism</code> || || ''Lang'' initialisms
|-
| <code>contraction</code> || || ''Lang'' contractions
|-
| <code>onomatopoeia</code> || || ''Lang'' onomatopoeias
|-
| <code>misspelling</code> || || ''Lang'' misspellings
|-
| <code>eye dialect</code> || || ''Lang'' eye dialect
|}

One further shorthand, <code>fig</code>, expands to <code>figurative</code>, which is not a categorising label.

A label absent from the table is shown exactly as typed and adds no category, so domain tags such as <code>nautical</code> or <code>botany</code> and semantic qualifiers such as <code>figurative</code> or <code>idiomatic</code> work without any entry here. The categorising set is deliberately partial and is meant to grow as the category scheme is settled; it is curated from Wiktionary's label data, keeping the universal linguistic labels — valency, register, temporal, word formation — and leaving out the topical and regional domains.

Categories are added only when the code resolves in [[Module:Languages]]; an unknown or missing code still displays the labels, uncategorised. The module adds membership only — it does not create the category description pages, and most of the categories above are as yet empty.

For the division of labour between a per-sense label and the per-word <code>register</code> field of <code><nowiki>{{head}}</nowiki></code>, see [[Template:Lb]].

Module:Head/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:49Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Head]], the headword-line renderer for the Yezur wiki's Dictionary. It is not called directly: [[Template:Head]] invokes it with <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Head|head|code|pos|head=…|class=…}}</nowiki></code>, placed directly beneath a part-of-speech heading in an entry. The language name and the leading asterisk carried by reconstructed languages are read from the registry in [[Module:Languages]], which also backs <code><nowiki>{{l}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{m}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{d}}</nowiki></code>, so all four agree on how a language is named and written.

== Parameters ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>1</code> || The language's registry code, such as <code>YAQ-HE</code> or <code>YBS-PJ</code>. Case is normalised to upper case before lookup. A code absent from the registry stands in for the language name in the category names, in upper case, and carries no asterisk.
|-
| <code>2</code> || The part of speech, normalised to lower case: <code>noun</code>, <code>verb</code>, <code>adjective</code>, <code>verb form</code> and so on. It supplies the category names and is not itself displayed.
|-
| <code>head</code> || The headword form. Defaults to the page name without its namespace prefix when omitted, which is the usual case; it is given explicitly where the page name and the citation form differ.
|-
| <code>class</code> || An inflection class from the table below. A class the language and part of speech do not define is ignored, and the headword renders as though none had been given.
|}

Surrounding whitespace is trimmed from all four. The remaining parameters of [[Template:Head]] — <code>gloss</code>, <code>register</code>, <code>etym_type</code>, <code>etym_source</code> and <code>notes</code> — never reach the module. They feed the <code>Lexemes</code> Cargo row, which the template files itself.

== Output ==

The module returns the headword in bold, preceded by <code>*</code> when the registry marks the language as reconstructed, then the note for a recognised inflection class, then the categories. A noun class shows its gender abbreviation and, where the class has one, an italic declension label; a verb class shows its conjugation label alone. So <code><nowiki>{{head|YAQ-HE|noun|class=F|head=αβισι}}</nowiki></code> gives '''αβισι''' f, and <code><nowiki>{{head|YAQ-HE|verb|class=IS}}</nowiki></code> gives the page name in bold followed by (''IS-class'').

== Inflection classes ==

Classes are defined in the module, by registry code and then by part of speech. Only the languages below have them; for every other language <code>class</code> has no effect.

{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Part of speech !! <code>class</code> !! Shown after the headword !! Class category
|-
| rowspan="4" | Middle Airananwe (<code>YAR-AI</code>) || rowspan="4" | noun || <code>M1</code> || m (''first-declension'') || Middle Airananwe first-declension masculine nouns
|-
| <code>M2</code> || m (''second-declension'') || Middle Airananwe second-declension masculine nouns
|-
| <code>F1</code> || f (''first-declension'') || Middle Airananwe first-declension feminine nouns
|-
| <code>F2</code> || f (''second-declension'') || Middle Airananwe second-declension feminine nouns
|-
| rowspan="8" | Gaillean (<code>YAQ-GA</code>) || rowspan="8" | noun || <code>M1</code> || m (''first-declension'') || Gaillean first-declension masculine nouns
|-
| <code>M2</code> || m (''second-declension'') || Gaillean second-declension masculine nouns
|-
| <code>MX</code> || m (''irregular'') || Gaillean irregular masculine nouns
|-
| <code>F</code> || f || Gaillean feminine nouns
|-
| <code>FX</code> || f (''irregular'') || Gaillean irregular feminine nouns
|-
| <code>N1</code> || n (''first-declension'') || Gaillean first-declension neuter nouns
|-
| <code>N2</code> || n (''second-declension'') || Gaillean second-declension neuter nouns
|-
| <code>NX</code> || n (''irregular'') || Gaillean irregular neuter nouns
|-
| rowspan="5" | Ancient Hertic (<code>YAQ-HE</code>) || rowspan="5" | noun || <code>M1</code> || m (''first-declension'') || Ancient Hertic first-declension masculine nouns
|-
| <code>M2</code> || m (''second-declension'') || Ancient Hertic second-declension masculine nouns
|-
| <code>F</code> || f || Ancient Hertic feminine nouns
|-
| <code>N1</code> || n (''first-declension'') || Ancient Hertic first-declension neuter nouns
|-
| <code>N2</code> || n (''second-declension'') || Ancient Hertic second-declension neuter nouns
|-
| rowspan="2" | Ancient Hertic (<code>YAQ-HE</code>) || rowspan="2" | verb || <code>IS</code> || (''IS-class'') || Ancient Hertic IS-class verbs
|-
| <code>OO</code> || (''OO-class'') || Ancient Hertic OO-class verbs
|}

== Categories ==

Nothing is categorised when the language code is empty; the module then returns the bold headword alone.

With a code and a part of speech, the page is filed under ''<Language> <part of speech, pluralised>'' — ''Pjany adjectives'', ''Ancient Hertic nouns''. Plurals are formed in English: a final <code>y</code> not preceded by a vowel becomes <code>ies</code>, an ending in <code>s</code>, <code>x</code>, <code>z</code>, <code>ch</code> or <code>sh</code> takes <code>es</code>, and everything else takes <code>s</code>; <code>part of speech</code> is special-cased to ''parts of speech''.

A second category records lemma status, and is filed whether or not a part of speech is given. A part of speech whose name contains a space followed by <code>form</code>, such as <code>verb form</code>, files the page under ''<Language> non-lemma forms''; anything else, an omitted part of speech included, files it under ''<Language> lemmas''. A recognised inflection class adds the class category from the table above, alongside the plain part-of-speech category rather than instead of it.

Module:Gaillean/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:48Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Gaillean]], the noun-declension module for [[Gaillean language|Gaillean]] (<code>YAQ-GA</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It is not called directly: [[Template:YAQ-GA-decl]] is a bare <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Gaillean|decl}}</nowiki></code> and the module reads the template's own parameters from the parent frame, so a Dictionary entry writes <code><nowiki>{{YAQ-GA-decl|class=F}}</nowiki></code> under its declension heading. The module returns a wikitable of five cases — nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative — in columns headed SG and PL.

Forms are built by concatenation from the citation form. The module does not call [[Module:Auphen]]; the Gaillean sound data at [[Module:Auphen/YAQ-GA]] serves the entry's pronunciation line instead.

== Parameters ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>word</code> (or <code>1</code>) || The citation form to decline. Defaults to the page name when omitted, which is how entries use it.
|-
| <code>class</code> (or <code>2</code>) || The noun class, in the letters recorded on the entry's <code><nowiki>{{head}}</nowiki></code> line. Required; an unrecognised value returns an error message in place of the table.
|-
| <code>stem</code> || The stem of an irregular noun, the form in ''-r'' its other forms are built on. Read only for classes <code>MX</code>, <code>FX</code> and <code>NX</code>, where it takes precedence over the module's own table of stems.
|-
| <code>nopl</code> || Any non-empty value suppresses the plural, whose cells are then filled with a dash. For nouns with a unique referent.
|}

== Regular classes ==

The classes below decline by rule, each tied to the ending of the citation form. The module removes that ending and adds the endings given here; a lemma that does not carry its class's ending returns an error rather than a table. Singular and plural are given in that order.

{| class="wikitable"
! Class !! Lemma in !! NOM !! GEN !! DAT !! ACC !! VOC
|-
| <code>F</code> || ''-a'' || ''-a'' / ''-ar'' || ''-an'' / ''-aori'' || ''-ae'' / ''-uz'' || ''-as'' / ''-ax'' || ''-a'' / ''-a''
|-
| <code>M1</code> || ''-e'' || ''-e'' / ''-o'' || ''-in'' / ''-ori'' || ''-i'' / ''-uz'' || ''-ez'' / ''-orz'' || bare stem / ''-or''
|-
| <code>M2</code> || ''-at'' || ''-at'' / ''-o'' || ''-ant'' / ''-ori'' || ''-i'' / ''-on'' || ''-ats'' / ''-ae'' || ''-a'' / ''-o''
|-
| <code>N1</code> || ''-uz'' || ''-uz'' / ''-ia'' || ''-uzn'' / ''-iari'' || ''-i'' / ''-ibhi'' || ''-uz'' / ''-ia'' || ''-u'' / ''-i''
|-
| <code>N2</code> || ''-u'' || ''-u'' / ''-ur'' || ''-un'' / ''-uri'' || ''-i'' / ''-uri'' || ''-u'' / ''-ur'' || ''-u'' / ''-ur''
|-
| <code>NP</code> || ''-o'' || ''-o'' || ''-on'' || ''-i'' || ''-o'' || ''-o''
|}

Class <code>NP</code> is a one-off: it follows <code>N2</code> with ''-o'' wherever that class has ''-u'', and has no plural at all, the plural cells being dashed without <code>nopl</code>. It is carried at present only by [[Dictionary:Thaemo|Thaemo]].

== Irregular classes ==

Classes <code>MX</code>, <code>FX</code> and <code>NX</code> do not decline from the citation form, and differ from one another only in the gender they record: the module declines all three alike. They decline from a stem in ''-r'', taken from <code>stem</code> or, failing that, from the module's own table of 44 stems keyed by lemma; where neither supplies one the module returns an error. No entry passes <code>stem</code> at present, so every irregular relies on the table. Several of its stems belong to transparent compounds and repeat the stem of the head noun, so ''velna-aevr'' takes ''velna-aetover'' beside ''aevr'' → ''aetover''.

The nominative singular is the citation form itself and the nominative plural the bare stem. The other singulars are built on a shortened stem — the stem less its final ''-r'' and the vowel before it — and take ''-un'', ''-i'', ''-as'' and ''-i'' for genitive, dative, accusative and vocative. The genitive, dative and accusative plurals are built on the stem less its final ''-r'' and take ''-tri'', ''-z'' and ''-ter''; the vocative plural takes ''-ia'' on the shortened stem. Thus ''aevr'', stem ''aetover'': gen. sg. ''aetovun'', dat. sg. ''aetovi'', acc. sg. ''aetovas'', voc. sg. ''aetovi''; nom. pl. ''aetover'', gen. pl. ''aetovetri'', dat. pl. ''aetovez'', acc. pl. ''aetoveter'', voc. pl. ''aetovia''.

<code>nopl</code> is honoured by the regular classes only; the irregular classes build their plural on a separate branch and ignore it. All three failure cases — an unknown class, a lemma without its class's ending, and an irregular noun with no stem on record — are returned as a <code>class="error"</code> span in place of the table.

Module:Besoh/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:47Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Besoh]], the inflection and estimated-pronunciation module for [[Besoh language|Besoh]] (registry code <code>YCQ-BE</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It is not called directly: [[Template:YCQ-BE-decl]] invokes <code>decl</code> for the noun table and [[Template:YCQ-BE-conj]] invokes <code>conj</code> for the verb table, each with <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Besoh|…}}</nowiki></code>. Both build every form from one headword and print an estimated pronunciation beneath each. The paradigms are those set out at [[Dictionary:About Besoh]].

== Parameters ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>word</code> || The headword the table is built from. Defaults to the page name, which is what entries rely on; set it only where the page name is not the citation form.
|-
| <code>1</code> || The same, given positionally. <code>word</code> takes precedence.
|}

Both are read from the calling template's arguments, not from <code>#invoke</code>: a value passed straight to <code>#invoke</code> is ignored and the page name used instead.

== Noun forms ==

<code>decl</code> prints a wikitable of the bare, dative and locative forms in singular and plural.

{| class="wikitable"
! Cell !! Ending !! Derivation
|-
| Plural || <code>-u</code>, after a vowel <code>-'u</code> || A final ''e'' or ''o'' is absorbed into the ending (''medo'' → ''medu''); other vowel-final stems take the glottal (''śizu'' → ''śizu'u''); consonants and the glottal take plain <code>-u</code> (''san'' → ''sanu'', ''ho''' → ''ho'u'').
|-
| Dative || <code>bi</code> || The postposition, written solid with the noun (''gisbobi'', ''gisbubi'').
|-
| Locative singular || <code>-on</code>, after a vowel <code>-'on</code> || ''sanon'', ''ña'on''.
|-
| Locative plural || — || The locative of the plural, with the sequence <code>'u'</code> reduced to <code>'</code>. Where the plural ends in <code>-'u</code>, the plural locative therefore falls together with the singular (''śizu'on'' is both); elsewhere the two stay distinct (''sanu'on'' beside ''sanon'').
|}

Every cell links to <code>Dictionary:''form''#Besoh</code> except the citation form, which is left unlinked.

== Verb forms ==

<code>conj</code> prints a wikitable of the stative and the perfect, and of the two combined.

{| class="wikitable"
! Cell !! Ending !! Derivation
|-
| Stative || <code>-va</code> || ''humva'', ''serva''.
|-
| Perfect || <code>va'</code> || The particle preposed as a separate word: ''va' hum''.
|-
| Perfect stative || <code>va'</code> and <code>-va</code> || The particle before the stative: ''va' humva''.
|}

The plain–plain cell is a dash. The stative is linked; the two perfect cells are phrases of two words and are not.

== Estimated pronunciation ==

Besoh spelling is conservative, so each form in the tables is passed through the module's own rendering of the spoken laws. Letters not listed have their face values.

{| class="wikitable"
! Letters !! Sounds
|-
| <code>ś ź</code> || ʃ ʒ
|-
| <code>c j</code> || ʦ ʣ
|-
| <code>ñ</code> || ɲ
|-
| <code>n</code> || ŋ
|-
| <code>ĥ ĝ</code> || x ɣ
|-
| <code>ǵ</code> || ʁ
|-
| <code>'</code> || ʔ
|-
| <code>ä ë ï ö ü</code> || aː eː iː oː uː
|}

The following then apply, in this order.

{| class="wikitable"
! Change !! Example
|-
| ''iu'' becomes /y/ || ''kovĥiu'' /kɔvçy/
|-
| ''ĥ'' becomes /ç/ before ''i'', ''e'' and /y/ || ''kovĥiu'' /kɔvçy/
|-
| A final ''n'' is dropped, leaving nasality on the vowel before it; it survives under suffixation || ''san'' /sã/, ''sanu'' /saŋu/
|-
| A final ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' is a catch on the vowel, /ˀ/; elsewhere it stays /ʔ/ || ''sagobbe''' /saɣɔbbeˀ/, ''ña'on'' /ɲaʔõ/
|-
| ''b d g'' become /β ð ɣ/ between vowels || ''gisbobi'' /gizboβi/
|-
| ''e o'' become /ɛ ɔ/ in a closed syllable, that is before two consonants or before one at the end || ''hev'' /hɛf/, ''sagobbe''' /saɣɔbbeˀ/
|-
| A final ''e'' or ''o'' becomes /əː/, where a vowel stands earlier in the word and the ''e'' or ''o'' does not follow a vowel or a long vowel directly || ''medo'' /meðəː/
|-
| Obstruents assimilate voicing regressively || ''keśva'' /kɛʒva/, ''gisbu'' /gizbu/
|-
| A final obstruent devoices || ''hev'' /hɛf/
|}

Stress is not estimated. The laws that key on the end of the word are applied to the end of the whole string, so in the two-word perfect they reach the second word only and the particle is printed /vaʔ/ rather than the /vaˀ/ it would have alone.

The module does not call [[Module:Auphen]]: it carries the laws above in Lua of its own. The same laws are held as data at [[Module:Auphen/YCQ-BE]], which is what <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YCQ-BE}}</nowiki></code> reads for the Pronunciation line of an entry, and which records that the two must be kept in step. That page declares no named rulesets, so Besoh inflection is generated here rather than by a sound-change derivation; engine behaviour and its divergences are logged at [[Module talk:Auphen]].

The single-form functions <code>_plural</code>, <code>_dative</code>, <code>_locative</code>, <code>_loc_pl</code>, <code>_stative</code>, <code>_perfect</code> and <code>_pron</code> are exported for calling from other modules. Each takes and returns a plain string, so none of them can be reached through <code>#invoke</code>.

Module:Auphen/sandbox/frame/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:46Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/sandbox/frame]], a working copy of [[Module:Auphen/frame]], the template-facing wrapper around the [[Module:Auphen|Auphen]] sound engine. It is a test rig rather than production code: no article, entry or template should depend on it, and its output is not evidence of what the live engine does.

It differs from the live frame in two places only — its header comment, and the <code>require</code>, which names [[Module:Auphen/sandbox]] in place of [[Module:Auphen]]. A candidate engine placed in the sandbox can therefore be driven through the same wrapper as the live one and the two compared side by side before the candidate is promoted. The per-language data pages it reads are the live ones at <code>Module:Auphen/<code></code>; there are no sandbox copies of those. When the live frame changes, this copy has to be brought back into step with it by hand.

[[Template:Auphen]] invokes the live frame, so <code><nowiki>{{auphen}}</nowiki></code> never reaches this module. It is called directly, and exports nothing beyond the two entry points below:

: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Auphen/sandbox/frame|auphen|word|code|ruleset}}</nowiki></code>
: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Auphen/sandbox/frame|raw|word|code|ruleset}}</nowiki></code>

<code>auphen</code> formats the result: an estimated pronunciation is wrapped in slashes and marked up as IPA, while a named ruleset returns plain text. <code>raw</code> returns the engine's output unformatted, which is what a comparison table wants.

== Parameters ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>1</code> || The word, in the language's orthography. Required. It is passed to the engine unaltered; a <code>~</code> is a word boundary handled there rather than here, each part being run as its own word.
|-
| <code>2</code> || The language registry code, such as <code>YAQ-HE</code> or <code>YBS-PJ</code>. Required. It is upper-cased before the matching <code>Module:Auphen/<code></code> data page is loaded.
|-
| <code>3</code> || The name of a ruleset from that data page's <code>sets</code> table. Left empty, the module runs the page's <code>pronounce</code> ruleset instead and marks the result as an estimate.
|}

All three are trimmed of surrounding whitespace. For an estimate the engine is built from the data page's <code>ipacats</code> (falling back to <code>cats</code>) together with its <code>ipa_rules</code>; for a named ruleset it is built from <code>cats</code> (falling back to <code>ipacats</code>) and no spelling rules are applied.

A missing word, a missing code, a code with no data page, or a ruleset name absent from <code>sets</code> yields an error rather than a script failure. <code>auphen</code> shows the message as an error span prefixed <code>Auphen:</code> and files the calling page into [[:Category:Auphen errors]] — the live maintenance category, which a failing sandbox call will populate like any other; <code>raw</code> returns the message prefixed <code>ERROR:</code>.

Data pages are loaded with <code>require</code> rather than <code>mw.loadData</code>, because the read-only proxy <code>mw.loadData</code> returns does not enumerate nested tables under <code>pairs()</code>, which would hide the category members; the frame then copies the category tables into plain Lua tables before handing them to the engine. [[Template:Auphen/testcases]] holds the acceptance tests against the live frame, and the same rows can be pointed at this module to measure a candidate against them. The engine's design notes and behaviour log are on [[Module talk:Auphen]].

Module:Auphen/sandbox/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:44Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/sandbox]], a working copy of [[Module:Auphen]], the sound-change engine of the Yezur wiki. It is a test rig rather than a live component: no article, dictionary entry or template renders through it, and it should not be relied on. It holds whatever candidate engine was last placed here, which may be ahead of the live module, behind it, or at odds with it.

An engine change is drafted on this page, run beside the live version over the languages it touches, and only then copied to [[Module:Auphen]]. The candidate placed here on 2026-08-26 — category-wide numbering of <code>@</code> instances, and backtracking in local context matching — was promoted the same day. The two pages are not kept in step automatically, so compare their histories before treating this one as current.

== Invocation ==

The sandbox is not called from wikitext directly: it returns a plain Lua table with no frame-taking functions. [[Module:Auphen/sandbox/frame]] is a copy of [[Module:Auphen/frame]] whose <code>require</code> points here, and it carries the same <code>auphen</code> and <code>raw</code> entry points, so the same call can be put to the candidate and to the live engine and the two outputs compared:

: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Auphen/sandbox/frame|raw|word|YAQ-HE}}</nowiki></code>
: <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Auphen/frame|raw|word|YAQ-HE}}</nowiki></code>

Sound data is shared, not copied: the sandbox frame loads the same per-language pages ([[Module:Auphen/YAQ-HE]] and its siblings) as the live frame, so the engine is the only difference between the two results. Cases that have been accepted belong on [[Template:Auphen/testcases]], which calls the live frame.

== Interface ==

The Lua interface is that of the live module.

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Purpose
|-
| <code>Auphen.new(categories, ipa_rules, opts)</code> || Builds an engine. <code>categories</code> maps bracketed names such as <code>[C]</code> to their members in declaration order; <code>ipa_rules</code> is the spelling-to-sound text, one <code>spelling/sound</code> pair to a line; <code>opts</code> is optional.
|-
| <code>eng:run(ruleset, input, toIpa)</code> || Runs <code>ruleset</code> over <code>input</code> and returns the result. With <code>toIpa</code> set, the input is lower-cased, its punctuation normalised and <code>ipa_rules</code> applied first. Spaces and <code>~</code> divide the input into words, each derived with its own word edges.
|-
| <code>eng:run_word(ruleset, word)</code> || Runs the ruleset over a single word; the result takes the capitalisation of the input — all lower case, all upper case, or an initial capital. Returns the derived word and a trace giving, for each rule line, the rule, the output after it and whether it fired.
|-
| <code>eng.warnings</code> || The warnings raised while loading categories and while expanding and resolving rules.
|-
| <code>opts.explodeCap</code> || The ceiling on the number of alternatives a rule segment's categories may expand to, 5,000,000 by default. A segment above it is dropped with a warning, so the rule matches nothing.
|-
| <code>opts.dashToSpace</code> || When set, every <code>-</code> left in the finished word is rendered as a space.
|}

Neither option is set by the two frames, so calls made from wikitext run at the defaults. The rule notation the engine reads is summarised in the header comment of the module itself. Design notes, the behaviour log and the record of divergences are on [[Module talk:Auphen]] and are not repeated here.

Module:Auphen/frame/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:43Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/frame]], the template-facing wrapper around [[Module:Auphen]] for the Yezur wiki. It is not normally invoked by hand: [[Template:Auphen]] calls it as <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Auphen/frame|auphen|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}}}</nowiki></code>, so that <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|code}}</nowiki></code> estimates a pronunciation and <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|code|ruleset}}</nowiki></code> runs a named derivation ruleset. The wrapper holds no linguistic data of its own; it loads the per-language sound data page for the code given, builds an engine from it, runs the requested ruleset and formats the result.

== Parameters ==

Both entry points take the same three positional parameters, each trimmed of surrounding whitespace.

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>1</code> || The word, in the language's own orthography. Required.
|-
| <code>2</code> || The language registry code, e.g. <code>YBS-PJ</code> (see [[Module:Languages]]). Required. It is upper-cased and used to load the data page <code>Module:Auphen/</code>''CODE'', so <code>ybs-pj</code> resolves as well.
|-
| <code>3</code> || The name of a ruleset in that data page's <code>sets</code> table, matched exactly, case included. Left empty or omitted, the module estimates pronunciation instead.
|}

== Entry points ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Function !! Output
|-
| <code>auphen</code> || The formatted result: an estimate wrapped as <code><nowiki><span class="IPA">/…/</span></nowiki></code>, a ruleset result as plain text. On failure it emits a bold inline <code>Auphen:</code> error message and files the calling page into [[:Category:Auphen errors]].
|-
| <code>raw</code> || The engine's bare output, without slashes, markup or categorisation; on failure the plain text <code>ERROR: </code>''message'', again uncategorised. Used by [[Template:Auphen/testcases]] to compare output against hand-checked expectations, and by any caller that wants the segments alone.
|}

== Behaviour ==

The two modes read different halves of the data page. Without a ruleset the engine is built from <code>ipacats</code> (falling back to <code>cats</code>) together with <code>ipa_rules</code>, and the <code>pronounce</code> ruleset is run in the engine's sound mode: the word is lower-cased and converted through <code>ipa_rules</code> from spelling to sound before the rules apply, so the result is in sounds. A data page carrying no <code>pronounce</code> is not an error; an empty ruleset is run, leaving the output of <code>ipa_rules</code> alone. With a ruleset the engine is built from <code>cats</code> (falling back to <code>ipacats</code>) and no <code>ipa_rules</code>, and the named ruleset is run on the word as written, so the result stays in the orthography.

Data pages are pulled in with <code>require</code> rather than <code>mw.loadData</code>, because the read-only proxy <code>mw.loadData</code> returns does not enumerate nested tables under <code>pairs()</code> in Lua 5.1, which would hide the category members. Each category is copied into a plain table before it is handed to the engine.

Four conditions produce an error: an empty word, an empty code, a code whose <code>Module:Auphen/</code>''CODE'' page is missing or does not return a table, and a ruleset name absent from that page's <code>sets</code>. The word itself is passed through untouched, so a <code>~</code> word split is resolved by the engine, not here. The engine's rule syntax, design notes and divergence log live on [[Module talk:Auphen]]; [[Module:Auphen/sandbox/frame]] is the same wrapper pointed at [[Module:Auphen/sandbox]], for testing a candidate engine side by side with the live one.

Module:Auphen/YCQ-BE/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:42Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/YCQ-BE]], the sound data for [[Besoh language|Besoh]] (registry code <code>YCQ-BE</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It holds no code and is not invoked directly: [[Module:Auphen/frame]] loads it whenever [[Template:Auphen|<code><nowiki>{{auphen}}</nowiki></code>]] is called with the code <code>YCQ-BE</code>, and hands its tables to the engine, [[Module:Auphen]]. Thus <code><nowiki>{{auphen|Bëson|YCQ-BE}}</nowiki></code>, the language's own name, gives <code>/beːsõ/</code>.

== Tables ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Key !! Contents
|-
| <code>ipacats</code> || The category sets the rules quantify over, written in the sounds the transposition produces.
|-
| <code>ipa_rules</code> || The initial transposition, mapping the letters of the romanisation to sounds.
|-
| <code>pronounce</code> || The ordered ruleset that turns a transposed spelling into an estimated pronunciation.
|-
| <code>sets</code> || Named derivation rulesets. Empty for Besoh; see below.
|}

== Categories ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Category !! Members !! Scope
|-
| <code>[B]</code> || a, e, i, o, u || The five short oral vowels.
|-
| <code>[T]</code> || ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ || The five nasal vowels.
|-
| <code>[F]</code> || i, e, y, iː, eː || The front vowels.
|-
| <code>[A]</code> || a, e, i, o, u, aː, eː, iː, oː, uː, y, ɛ, ɔ || The oral vowels: the five short, their long counterparts, and /y/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which arise only from a rule. The nasal vowels are not members.
|-
| <code>[C]</code> || p, b, t, d, k, g, q, ʦ, ʣ, f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, x, ɣ, ʁ, h, m, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, β, ð, ç || The consonants, including /β/, /ð/ and /ç/, which arise only from a rule. The glottal stop is not a member.
|-
| <code>[U]</code> || p, t, k, f, s, ʃ, ʦ, x || The eight voiceless obstruents that have a voiced counterpart. /q/, /h/ and /ç/ stand outside the set and so take no part in the voicing rules.
|-
| <code>[M]</code> || b, d, g, v, z, ʒ, ʣ, ɣ || The matching voiced obstruents.
|}

Members are declared in order and a category-to-category change maps by position, which is why <code>[T]</code> follows the order of <code>[B]</code>, and <code>[M]</code> that of <code>[U]</code>.

== Orthography ==

<code>ipa_rules</code> is applied once, to the lower-cased word, before the ruleset runs; keys are tried longest first, though every key here is a single letter. Fifteen letters take a value other than themselves.

{| class="wikitable"
! Letter !! Sound !! Letter !! Sound
|-
| <code>ä</code> || aː || <code>ñ</code> || ɲ
|-
| <code>ë</code> || eː || <code>n</code> || ŋ
|-
| <code>ï</code> || iː || <code>ĥ</code> || x
|-
| <code>ö</code> || oː || <code>ĝ</code> || ɣ
|-
| <code>ü</code> || uː || <code>ǵ</code> || ʁ
|-
| <code>ś</code> || ʃ || <code>c</code> || ʦ
|-
| <code>ź</code> || ʒ || <code>j</code> || ʣ
|-
| <code>'</code> || ʔ || ||
|}

The table also carries identity rules for the twenty plain letters <code>a</code>, <code>b</code>, <code>d</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>, <code>g</code>, <code>h</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>k</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>m</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>p</code>, <code>q</code>, <code>r</code>, <code>s</code>, <code>t</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>v</code> and <code>z</code>; a character with no rule of its own passes through unchanged.

The nasal written <code>n</code> is velar and the one written <code>ñ</code> palatal; there is no alveolar nasal in the inventory. The romanisation has no <code>w</code>, <code>x</code> or <code>y</code>: /x/ arises only as the value of <code>ĥ</code>, and /y/ only from the sequence <code>iu</code>.

== Pronunciation ==

Besoh spelling is conservative of an earlier stage of the language, so the transposed form stands some way from the spoken one; the <code>pronounce</code> ruleset supplies the difference. Its lines apply in the order written, and their notation is the engine's (see [[Module talk:Auphen]]).

{| class="wikitable"
! Rules !! Effect
|-
| <code><nowiki>iu/y</nowiki></code> || The sequence <code>iu</code> is read as the single vowel /y/.
|-
| <code><nowiki>x/ç/_[F]</nowiki></code> || /x/ fronts to /ç/ before a front vowel.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[B]/[T]/_ŋ#</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>ŋ//[T]_#</nowiki></code> || A short vowel before word-final <code>n</code> nasalises, and the nasal is then lost: ''Bëson'' → /beːsõ/. A long vowel is unaffected, and the nasal stays.
|-
| <code><nowiki>ʔ/ˀ/[A]_#</nowiki></code> || A word-final glottal stop after a vowel weakens to glottalisation.
|-
| <code><nowiki>b/β/[A]_[A]</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>d/ð/[A]_[A]</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>g/ɣ/[A]_[A]</nowiki></code> || The voiced stops lenite to fricatives between vowels.
|-
| <code><nowiki>e/ɛ/_[C][C]|_[C]#</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>o/ɔ/_[C][C]|_[C]#</nowiki></code> || The mid vowels lower in a closed syllable, that is before two consonants or before a word-final one.
|-
| <code><nowiki>e/əː/[A][C]_#</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>e/əː/[A][C][C]_#</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>o/əː/[A][C]_#</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>o/əː/[A][C][C]_#</nowiki></code> || A final <code>e</code> or <code>o</code> standing after a vowel and one or two consonants becomes long /əː/.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[U]/[M]/_[M]</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>[M]/[U]/_[U]</nowiki></code> || Obstruents in contact agree in voicing, the second deciding.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[M]/[U]/_#</nowiki></code> || A word-final voiced obstruent devoices, after the assimilation has run.
|}

The ruleset is segmental only. Besoh stress falls on a heavy penult and otherwise on the antepenult, but it is not estimated and the output carries no stress mark.

== Rulesets ==

<code>sets</code> is empty, so the three-argument form <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YCQ-BE|ruleset}}</nowiki></code> has nothing to run and reports an unknown ruleset, filing the page in [[:Category:Auphen errors]]. Besoh grammatical forms are generated instead by [[Module:Besoh]], which backs [[Template:YCQ-BE-decl]] and [[Template:YCQ-BE-conj]] and carries its own copy of the rules above to gloss the forms in its tables. The two are separate implementations of one sound system: a change made here has to be made there as well.

Module:Auphen/YBS-PJ/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:41Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/YBS-PJ]], the sound data for [[Pjany language|Pjany]] (registry code <code>YBS-PJ</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It is pure data and defines no functions: [[Module:Auphen/frame]] loads it whenever [[Template:Auphen]] is called as <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YBS-PJ}}</nowiki></code> and hands its tables to [[Module:Auphen]], which does the work. The rule notation, and the engine's divergences from it, are documented on [[Module talk:Auphen]].

== Fields ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Contents
|-
| <code>ipacats</code> || The category sets the ruleset works with, written <code><nowiki>[X]</nowiki></code>. They hold sounds, not letters, because they are read after the transposition. Pjany supplies <code>ipacats</code> only; [[Module:Auphen/frame]] falls back to a <code>cats</code> table where a language declares one for rulesets that operate on spelling.
|-
| <code>ipa_rules</code> || The transposition from spelling to sound, applied once before <code>pronounce</code> runs. It is passed to the engine in pronunciation estimation only, so a named ruleset from <code>sets</code> would see the orthography untransposed.
|-
| <code>pronounce</code> || The ruleset used for pronunciation estimation.
|-
| <code>sets</code> || Named rulesets for grammar and derivation. Empty for Pjany.
|}

== Spelling and sound ==

The word is lower-cased before transposition, and the longest spelling that matches at a given point wins, so digraphs are read ahead of their component letters whatever order they stand in.

{| class="wikitable"
! Spelling !! Sound !! !! Spelling !! Sound
|-
| <code>a</code> || <code>a</code> || || <code>ae</code> || <code>æ:</code>
|-
| <code>e</code> || <code>ɛ</code> || || <code>ao</code> || <code>ɑ:</code>
|-
| <code>i</code> || <code>i</code> || || <code>au</code> || <code>ɐʊ</code>
|-
| <code>o</code> || <code>ɔ</code> || || <code>aú</code> || <code>ɑu</code>
|-
| <code>u</code> || <code>ə</code> || || <code>éi</code> || <code>eɪ</code>
|-
| <code>é</code> || <code>e</code> || || <code>ou</code> || <code>ɔə</code>
|-
| <code>ó</code> || <code>o</code> || || <code>oú</code> || <code>oʊ</code>
|-
| <code>ú</code> || <code>u</code> || || <code>ui</code> || <code>əɪ</code>
|-
| || || || <code>úi</code> || <code>ɥi</code>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Spelling !! Sound !! !! Spelling !! Sound
|-
| <code>b</code> || <code>b</code> || || <code>n</code> || <code>n</code>
|-
| <code>d</code> || <code>d</code> || || <code>p</code> || <code>p</code>
|-
| <code>g</code> || <code>g</code> || || <code>q</code> || <code>q</code>
|-
| <code>h</code> || <code>h</code> || || <code>qh</code> || <code>q͡χ</code>
|-
| <code>k</code> || <code>k</code> || || <code>r</code> || <code>ɹ</code>
|-
| <code>l</code> || <code>l</code> || || <code>s</code> || <code>s</code>
|-
| <code>m</code> || <code>m</code> || || <code>t</code> || <code>t</code>
|-
| || || || <code>z</code> || <code>z</code>
|}

Two spellings carry no sound of their own. An apostrophe <code>'</code> geminates the consonant before it; a hyphen <code>-</code>, or an en dash <code>–</code>, marks a seam within a compound. Both are carried through the ruleset as digits, <code>4</code> and <code>5</code>, so that rules can see them: the <code>4</code> is dropped as soon as the doubling has applied, and the <code>5</code> becomes a <code>~</code> in the last rules, which [[Module:Auphen]] renders as a space. The digits <code>1</code>, <code>2</code> and <code>3</code> do the same work for palatalisation and <code>8</code> for vowel length; none survive to the output. Length is written <code>:</code> throughout the data and rewritten to <code>ː</code> by the last rule.

An <code>e</code> that stands before another vowel is not read as <code>ɛ</code> where it opens the word or follows a consonant: there the ruleset takes it as a palatal element, described below.

== Categories ==

Members are declared in order, and category-to-category mapping is positional, so the paired sets below line up member by member.

{| class="wikitable"
! Category !! Members !! Role
|-
| <code><nowiki>[V]</nowiki></code> || the vowel inventory, with the backed vowels of <code><nowiki>[B]</nowiki></code> appended || Vowel environments.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[C]</nowiki></code> || the consonant inventory, including the palatals, lenited velars and uvulars that later rules derive || Consonant environments.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[A]</nowiki></code> || <code>i e ɛ æ: æ a</code> || Front vowels.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[K]</nowiki></code> || <code>p b k g t d</code> || Plosives.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[R]</nowiki></code> || <code>r ʀ ɹ</code> || Rhotics.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[Q]</nowiki></code> → <code><nowiki>[B]</nowiki></code> || <code>i ɛ e ə a æ ɐ</code> → <code>ɯ ʌ ɤ o̞ ɑ ɑ ɑ</code> || Backing next to a uvular.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[H]</nowiki></code> → <code><nowiki>[J]</nowiki></code> || <code>s z l n t d p b h k g</code> → <code>ʃ ʒ ʎ ɲ tʃ dʒ ɸ β j x ɣ</code> || Palatalisation.
|-
| <code><nowiki>[W]</nowiki></code> → <code><nowiki>[Y]</nowiki></code> || <code>g k q</code> → <code>ɣ x x</code> || Lenition after a lateral.
|}

<code><nowiki>[V]</nowiki></code> holds vowels proper: the offglides <code>ɪ</code> and <code>ʊ</code> and the glide <code>ɥ</code> that the diphthongs bring in are not members, so a rule keyed on <code><nowiki>[V]</nowiki></code> does not match them.

== The pronunciation ruleset ==

<code>pronounce</code> applies the following, in this order.

{| class="wikitable"
! Process !! Effect
|-
| Seam breathing || A seam standing between two vowels takes an inserted <code>h</code>.
|-
| Gemination || A consonant before <code>'</code> is doubled and the <code>'</code> dropped. A glottal element is inserted between the two copies late in the ruleset, so <code>t'</code> surfaces as <code>tˀt</code>.
|-
| Palatalisation || The palatal element surfaces as <code>j</code> word-initially and as a <code>ʲ</code> diacritic after <code>ɹ</code> or <code>m</code>, with <code>ɹ</code> hardening to <code>r</code> before the diacritic. Before a front vowel a preceding plosive instead takes an inserted <code>j</code>, unless that vowel is itself followed by <code>q</code> or <code>qh</code>. Otherwise the preceding consonant shifts to its palatal counterpart, <code><nowiki>[H]</nowiki></code> → <code><nowiki>[J]</nowiki></code>. After <code>q</code> the element is dropped and the <code>q</code> held aside as a marker until the backing rule has run, so the following vowel does not back.
|-
| Uvular colouring || Beside <code>q</code> or <code>q͡χ</code>, front and central vowels back, <code><nowiki>[Q]</nowiki></code> → <code><nowiki>[B]</nowiki></code>.
|-
| Nasal assimilation || <code>n</code> becomes <code>m</code> before a labial, <code>ŋ</code> before a velar and <code>ɴ</code> before <code>q</code>.
|-
| Rhotic backing || <code>r</code> and <code>ɹ</code> become <code>ʀ</code> beside <code>q</code>.
|-
| Lenition after a lateral || <code>g k q</code> become <code>ɣ x x</code> after <code>l</code> or <code>ʎ</code>.
|-
| L-vocalisation || <code>l</code> becomes <code>ʊ</code> before <code>t d n s z</code> and <code>ə</code> before <code>p b m ɸ β</code>, in both cases only when no consonant-plus-vowel follows. A word-final <code>l</code> after a consonant takes a preceding <code>ə</code>.
|-
| R-vocalisation || A rhotic becomes <code>ə</code> after a front vowel when a consonant or the word end follows, and after <code>ə</code> when a consonant follows. An <code>ə</code> before a word-final rhotic opens to <code>ɔ</code>.
|-
| Final adjustments || <code>hə</code> becomes <code>x</code> except word-finally; <code>ɛə</code> becomes <code>ɛ:</code>; <code>ɥi</code> becomes <code>ɥʲ</code> before a vowel; and two identical vowels merge into one long vowel.
|}

A seam blocks adjacency, so rules that are meant to reach across one list it in their environments explicitly; the rest do not apply over it.

== Named rulesets ==

<code>sets</code> is empty: Pjany has no derivation rulesets yet, and the three-argument form <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YBS-PJ|name}}</nowiki></code> therefore reports an unknown ruleset and files the page into [[:Category:Auphen errors]].

Four worked Pjany estimations are checked on every parse at [[Template:Auphen/testcases]].

Module:Auphen/YAS-AI/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:40Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/YAS-AI]], the sound data for [[Airananwe language|Airananwe]] (registry code <code>YAS-AI</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It holds no code of its own: [[Module:Auphen/frame]] loads it whenever a template names the code and hands its tables to the engine in [[Module:Auphen]]. <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAS-AI}}</nowiki></code> estimates a pronunciation; <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAS-AI|plural}}</nowiki></code> runs the named ruleset <code>plural</code> over the spelling and returns a spelling. [[Module:Airananwe]] loads the same page directly for the tables behind [[Template:YAS-AI-decl]] and [[Template:YAS-AI-conj]]. Rule syntax and engine behaviour belong to [[Module:Auphen]] and [[Module talk:Auphen]] and are not repeated here.

== Contents ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Contents
|-
| <code>ipacats</code> || Category sets over sounds, used for the pronunciation estimate. <code>[B]</code> and <code>[P]</code> are a positional pair, the voiced obstruents against their voiceless counterparts; <code>[N]</code> holds the nasals; <code>[S]</code> holds the vowels that block the last rule of the stress pass.
|-
| <code>cats</code> || Category sets over spelling, used by the named rulesets. <code>[C]</code> and <code>[V]</code> are the consonant and vowel graphs, single letters and digraphs together; <code>[A]</code>, <code>[E]</code> and <code>[I]</code> sort the consonants by the vowel they take in the passive stem.
|-
| <code>ipa_rules</code> || The map from spelling to sound, applied before the pronunciation ruleset runs and not at all when a named ruleset is run.
|-
| <code>pronounce</code> || The pronunciation ruleset, in twelve named passes.
|-
| <code>sets</code> || 130 named rulesets, all of them stem or word formation in the spelling.
|}

== Spelling to sound ==

<code>ipa_rules</code> is a map, not an ordered ruleset: the engine reads the word left to right and takes the longest key that matches, so the digraphs listed there are read before their letters. Six digraphs are absent — ''ch'', ''gh'', ''gn'', ''qu'', ''th'' and ''vh''. They arrive at <code>pronounce</code> as their separate letters and are settled there against their surroundings, which is where their conditional values live.

Several letters map to a working symbol rather than to a sound: ''c'' to <code>1</code>, ''x'' to <code>2</code>, ''y'' to <code>3</code>, ''q'' to <code>5</code>, ''i'' to <code>6</code>, ''á'' to <code>9</code>, ''j'' to <code>î</code>. Each has more than one value in the language, and the passes below decide which. The apostrophe and the hyphen are carried through as symbols in the same way, the hyphen so that rules can see the join in a bound adposition such as ''-erge'' or in the feminine ''-thai''. None of these symbols survives the last pass.

== Pronunciation ==

Each pass is opened by a line naming it — <code>vowels/vowels</code> and the like — which the engine applies as an ordinary rule and which leaves the word unchanged.

{| class="wikitable"
! Pass !! Purpose
|-
| <code>preprocess</code> || Resolves the held-back digraphs (''th'' [tv], ''vh'' [fʷ], ''gn'' [ɲ], ''ch'' [x] after a vowel at the end of a word and the alveolo-palatal elsewhere), settles ''c'' as [k] before a back vowel, a consonant or a word edge and as [z] at the start of a word, takes ''x'' to [z] in that same initial position, turns ''y'' and ''u'' into glides beside a vowel, and marks an unsounded final ''e''.
|-
| <code>letterq</code> || The values of ''q'': ''qu'' is [kʰ] before ''i'', [kju] before a consonant and [kw] before a vowel; bare ''q'' is the glottalised [kˀ] at a word edge or before a vowel, and [k] elsewhere.
|-
| <code>diphthongs</code> || Gathers the vowel sequences left by the mapping into single nuclei.
|-
| <code>theletterx</code> || The values of ''x'' — [kʃ], [ks] and [z] — by position.
|-
| <code>inversion</code> || Turns a final ''-re'', ''-ne'' or ''-le'' after a consonant around, giving [əɹ], [ɪ̃n] and [əl].
|-
| <code>vowels</code> || Vowel quality by position and by what follows, and the reduction to [ə] of an unsounded ''e'' that survives.
|-
| <code>consonants</code> || Consonant alternations: voiced obstruents devoiced before another obstruent and at the end of a word, ''gh'' and ''h'' to [x] in their environments, ''f'' to [v] after ''a'' or ''á'' except finally.
|-
| <code>finalizing</code> || Gives the remaining working symbols their sounds — ''j'' word-finally [dʒ], ''é'' [eː], ''á'' [aː] — and drops what is not sounded, the hyphen among it.
|-
| <code>vocalizations</code> || Palatalisation and labialisation beside a glide, and the nasalisation of a vowel before a final ''n'' or ''r''.
|-
| <code>prestress</code> || Encodes long vowels, nasal vowels and the two affricates as single symbols for the pass that follows.
|-
| <code>stress</code> || Places the stress mark.
|-
| <code>poststress</code> || Restores those symbols, and shifts every [ʃ] to [ɕ] and every [ʒ] to [ʑ], the alveolo-palatal series written ''ch'' and ''j''.
|}

== Named rulesets ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Ruleset !! Derives
|-
| <code>special</code> || The special stem. The final ''é'' is dropped, the stem vowel is replaced from a fixed table (''a'' to ''e'', ''é'' to ''ie'', ''ei'' to ''é'', ''o'' to ''u''), and the final consonant is softened (''t'' to ''d'', ''ch'' to ''j'', ''p'' to ''b'', ''s'' to ''ç'', ''l'' to ''lh''). ''naquité'' gives ''naquid''.
|-
| <code>passive</code> || The passive stem. The final ''é'' gives way to ''-av'', ''-ev'' or ''-iv'', the vowel chosen by the letter or digraph before it. ''naquité'' gives ''naquitiv''.
|-
| <code>plural</code> || The plural of a noun, formed from the shape of the singular rather than by one ending: ''rayes'' to ''rayers'', ''arch'' to ''archre'', ''nájy'' to ''nájier''.
|-
| <code>genitive</code> || The genitive, the suffixed postposition ''-enne'' and ''-nne'' after a vowel, which attaches to singular and plural alike. A final ''e'' is dropped before the ending unless two consonants or ''u'' stand before it, and a final vowel and ''r'' are inverted: ''aer'' gives ''arenne''.
|-
| <code>past-</code>''P'', <code>present-</code>''P'', <code>future-</code>''P'' || The three plain tenses, built on the citation form.
|-
| <code>nearpast-</code>''P'', <code>nearpresent-</code>''P'', <code>nearfuture-</code>''P'' || The same three tenses in their near grade, built on the special stem. The near future's endings open with ''-eng-'', ''-ng-'' after a vowel.
|-
| <code>passive-past-</code>''P'', <code>passive-present-</code>''P'', <code>passive-future-</code>''P'' || The passive of the three plain tenses, built on the passive stem and carrying the endings of the active.
|}

''P'' is one of <code>1sg</code>, <code>2sg</code>, <code>3sg</code>, <code>3sg-f</code>, <code>1p</code>, <code>2p</code> and <code>3p</code>, and every one of them has a negative twin whose name ends in a further <code>-neg</code>. That is 126 finite rulesets over nine tense-and-voice combinations, and 130 in the table altogether.

Every finite ruleset is self-contained: the near tenses repeat the whole of <code>special</code>, and the passives the whole of <code>passive</code>, ahead of their endings, so that each can be run on the citation form alone. The stem rules are therefore written out again down the file rather than shared, and a change to the special or passive stem has to be made in every ruleset that builds on it.

Two syncretisms are marked in the source as intended rather than as copying errors: the negative first person singular of the future is identical to the negative third person singular, in the active and the passive alike, though the affirmatives differ; and the near past does not distinguish first person plural from second, affirmative or negative, where every other tense does. These four are the only rulesets that repeat another word for word.

<code>cats</code> declares <code>[R]</code> and <code>[S]</code> as a positional pair holding the special stem's vowel change, but no ruleset in <code>sets</code> invokes either: the same seventeen correspondences are written out a line at a time in <code>special</code> and in each of the near tenses. The <code>[S]</code> that the stress pass uses is the separate sound-scope category of that name in <code>ipacats</code>.

The feminine marker ''thai'' is attached with a hyphen in the past and present series and with a space in the future and the near future; the engine treats a space as a word boundary and stresses each part on its own, so the two are not counted alike. An unknown ruleset name, or a code with no data page, files the calling page under [[:Category:Auphen errors]].

Module:Auphen/YAR-AI/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:38Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/YAR-AI]], the sound data for [[Middle Airananwe language|Middle Airananwe]] (registry code <code>YAR-AI</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It contains no code: it returns a table of sound categories and rules which [[Module:Auphen/frame]] loads and hands to the engine, [[Module:Auphen]]. It is reached through <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAR-AI}}</nowiki></code>, which returns an estimated pronunciation between slashes. The dictionary's practice for the language is set out at [[Dictionary:About Middle Airananwe]].

== Fields ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Purpose
|-
| <code>ipacats</code> || The sound categories the rules refer to, written in sounds rather than letters. <code>[V]</code> and <code>[C]</code>, the vowels and the consonants, are used as environments; <code>[D]</code> the voiced obstruents and <code>[T]</code> their voiceless counterparts are the target and the change of the final-devoicing rule, mapped member for member in the order declared (<code>b d g v z ð ɣ ʑ ɟ</code> against <code>p t k f s θ x ɕ c</code>). <code>[V]</code> and <code>[C]</code> also list sounds the rules themselves produce, such as the laxed vowels and [ʀ], so that later rules still see them.
|-
| <code>ipa_rules</code> || The letter-to-sound mapping, applied left to right before the ruleset runs. The digraphs are listed first, and the engine takes the longest spelling that fits at each position, so a digraph is read before its component letters.
|-
| <code>pronounce</code> || The pronunciation ruleset, run in the order written over the output of <code>ipa_rules</code>.
|-
| <code>sets</code> || Named rulesets for grammar forms. Empty for this language; see below.
|}

== Orthography ==

The mapping covers the letters ''a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s t u v x y z''. Most carry their own value; the rest, with the digraphs, are:

{| class="wikitable"
! Spelling !! Sound
|-
| <code>aa ee ii oo uu</code> || the long vowels /aː eː iː oː uː/, carried through the mapping as ''ā ē ī ō ū'' and given their length mark by <code>pronounce</code>
|-
| <code>mb nd ng</code> || /ᵐb ⁿd ᵑg/
|-
| <code>bh gh ph th dh</code> || /β ɣ p͡ɸ θ ð/
|-
| <code>c ch</code> || /ʦ ʧ/
|-
| <code>ty dy ny ly sy zy ky gy</code> || /tʲ dʲ ɲ ʎ ɕ ʑ c ɟ/
|-
| <code>q gu</code> || /kʷ gʷ/
|-
| <code>x y</code> || /kʃ j/
|}

There are no rules for ''sh'' or ''j'': they are not part of the orthography, their work being done by ''sy'' and ''zy'', and the language accordingly has no /ʃ/ or /ʒ/. Outside the eight digraphs of the palatal series, ⟨y⟩ is left as the glide /j/ — ''vyala'' gives /vjala/. Because the longest spelling wins at each position, ⟨gu⟩ is taken before ⟨uu⟩ in ''guu'', which leaves a bare ⟨u⟩ for <code>pronounce</code> to lengthen.

== Pronunciation ==

<code>pronounce</code> supplies the allophony. The coronals ''t d s z n l'' palatalise before ''i'', short or long; ''n'' is [ŋ] before a velar; ''r'' is [ʀ] word-initially and [ɾ] between vowels, where ''h'' is likewise [ɦ]; the short vowels lax to [ɛ ɔ ɪ ʊ ä] before two consonants or before a word-final one, a prenasalised stop counting as a single consonant, so that ''embaa'' keeps its [e]; and ''e'' weakens to [ə] after a vowel and word-finally. A voiced obstruent is then made voiceless word-finally, which reaches the stop of a final prenasalised cluster as well (''kamb'' gives /käᵐp/). The last rules write the long vowels with the length mark, lengthen a /u/ left standing after /gʷ/, and give /gʷ/ a following /u/ before a consonant and at the end of a word. Stress is fixed on the penultimate syllable and is neither written nor marked in the output.

[ŋ] is not itself a member of <code>[C]</code>, so a short vowel before ⟨nk⟩, ⟨nq⟩ or ⟨nx⟩ is not laxed: ''senta'' gives /sɛnta/ but ''senka'' gives /seŋka/.

{| class="wikitable"
! Spelling !! Output !! Shows
|-
| ''sido'' || /ɕido/ || a coronal palatalised before ''i''
|-
| ''zyerta'' || /ʑɛrta/ || a short vowel laxed in a closed syllable
|-
| ''arahe'' || /aɾaɦə/ || intervocalic ''r'' and ''h''; final ''e''
|-
| ''maged'' || /magɛt/ || final devoicing, the spelling keeping the voiced stem
|-
| ''gulda'' || /gʷulda/ || ⟨gu⟩ before a consonant
|-
| ''guu'' || /gʷuː/ || ⟨gu⟩ taken first, the leftover ⟨u⟩ lengthened
|-
| ''hayraanye'' || /häjraːɲə/ || the native name of the language
|}

== Rulesets ==

<code>sets</code> is empty, so <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAR-AI|ruleset}}</nowiki></code> reports an unknown ruleset for any name given and files the page in [[:Category:Auphen errors]]. The language's single noun declension is built instead by [[Module:MiddleAirananwe]] through [[Template:YAR-AI-decl]], which assembles the forms from the spelling rather than deriving them with the engine.

Editing this page changes every estimated pronunciation in the language; the entries that call {{tl|auphen}} serve the old output from the parser cache until they are purged. The engine's own behaviour, and where it diverges from the notation it ports, is logged at [[Module talk:Auphen]].

Module:Auphen/YAQ-HE/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:37Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/YAQ-HE]], the Ancient Hertic sound data for the Yezur wiki. It holds no code: [[Module:Auphen/frame]] loads it whenever [[Template:Auphen]] is given the registry code <code>YAQ-HE</code> and passes its contents to the engine in [[Module:Auphen]]. <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAQ-HE}}</nowiki></code> estimates a pronunciation from the spelling; <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAQ-HE|ruleset}}</nowiki></code> runs one of the named rulesets below.

== Fields ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Purpose
|-
| <code>ipacats</code> || The category sets the rules refer to: <code>[C]</code> consonant, <code>[V]</code> vowel, <code>[K]</code> voiceless stop (/p/, /t̪/, /k/), <code>[G]</code> voiced stop (/b/, /d̪/, /g/), <code>[F]</code> front vowel (/i/, /e/, /ɛ/), <code>[N]</code> nasal (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/), <code>[W]</code> velar obstruent (/k/, /g/, /x/).
|-
| <code>ipa_rules</code> || The glyph-to-sound map. The frame supplies it to the engine only for pronunciation estimation, where it is applied to the word before <code>pronounce</code> runs.
|-
| <code>pronounce</code> || The pronunciation-estimation ruleset.
|-
| <code>sets</code> || The named rulesets, one per cell of the noun declension.
|}

<code>[K]</code> and <code>[G]</code> are declared in matching order, so the rules that map one onto the other pair them off position by position. <code>[C]</code> and <code>[V]</code> also list sounds that no glyph spells and only the ruleset produces — /h/, /ɣ/, /ŋ/, /o/, /ə/, /oʊː/ — so that later rules still match them.

== Orthography ==

Ancient Hertic is written in an alphabetic script. <code>ipa_rules</code> gives each glyph one sound; the rules apply in the order listed below, down the left column and then the right, so the digraphs ⟨ου⟩ and ⟨αε⟩ are matched ahead of the letters they are written with.

{| class="wikitable"
! Spelling !! Sound !! Spelling !! Sound
|-
| ου || /ʉ/ || ζ || /ʐ/
|-
| αε || /ä/ || χ || /x/
|-
| σ || /s/ || κ || /k/
|-
| λ || /l/ || γ || /g/
|-
| ν || /n/ || υ || /u/
|-
| ρ || /r/ || ι || /i/
|-
| φ || /ɸ/ || ο || /ɔ/
|-
| μ || /m/ || ε || /ɛ/
|-
| π || /p/ || η || /e/
|-
| β || /b/ || ω || /ɒː/
|-
| θ || /θ/ || α || /ɑ/
|-
| ψ || /ð/ || ξ || /kʂ/
|-
| τ || /t̪/ || ς || /ʈʂ/
|-
| δ || /d̪/ || ||
|}

⟨ξ⟩ and ⟨ς⟩ each yield a two-symbol sequence, which <code>[C]</code> lists as a single consonant; ⟨ω⟩ is long. ⟨ο⟩ enters the ruleset as /ɔ/ — its /o/ value is an allophone produced by the rules, not a spelling distinction.

== Pronunciation ==

<code>pronounce</code> holds ten rules, applied in order to the word once <code>ipa_rules</code> has transposed it.

{| class="wikitable"
! Rule !! Effect
|-
| <code>x/h/#_</code> || /x/ is /h/ word-initially.
|-
| <code>n/ŋ/_[W]</code> || /n/ assimilates to /ŋ/ before a velar.
|-
| <code>k/ʈʂ/_[F]</code> || /k/ becomes /ʈʂ/ before a front vowel.
|-
| <code>[K]/[G]/[N]_</code> || Voiceless stops voice after a nasal.
|-
| <code>[K]/[G]/[V]_[V]</code> || Voiceless stops voice between vowels.
|-
| <code>x/ɣ/[V]_[V]</code> || /x/ becomes /ɣ/ between vowels.
|-
| <code>ʐ/r/[V]_[V]</code> || /ʐ/ becomes /r/ between vowels.
|-
| <code>ɔ/o/_[C]#|_[C][V]</code> || /ɔ/ raises to /o/ before a single consonant, whether word-final or followed by a vowel.
|-
| <code>ɛ/ə/_#</code> || Final /ɛ/ reduces to /ə/.
|-
| <code>ɒː/oʊː/_#</code> || Final /ɒː/ becomes /oʊː/.
|}

The <code>|</code> in the raising rule separates two alternative environments; either is enough to trigger it, and it distinguishes ''ολ'' → {{auphen|ολ|YAQ-HE}} from ''ολλα'' → {{auphen|ολλα|YAQ-HE}}.

Order matters. Palatalisation runs before both voicing rules and so claims /k/ before a front vowel outright: ''ακα'' → {{auphen|ακα|YAQ-HE}} but ''ακη'' → {{auphen|ακη|YAQ-HE}}. Nasal assimilation runs before palatalisation, so it still sees the velar that palatalisation then replaces: ''ανκη'' → {{auphen|ανκη|YAQ-HE}}. Voicing after a nasal does not depend on that assimilation, since /n/ is itself a member of <code>[N]</code>: ''ανπα'' → {{auphen|ανπα|YAQ-HE}}. Further examples: ''Χερτεχι'' → {{auphen|Χερτεχι|YAQ-HE}}, ''κηχυζι'' → {{auphen|κηχυζι|YAQ-HE}}, ''ταπε'' → {{auphen|ταπε|YAQ-HE}}.

== Named rulesets ==

<code>sets</code> covers the noun declension: four cases (nominative, accusative, oblique, genitive) in two numbers across three classes. Names take the form <code>''class''-''case''-''number''</code> — <code>F-nom-sg</code>, <code>M1-acc-pl</code>, and so on. These rulesets run on the spelling rather than on the sounds: the frame withholds <code>ipa_rules</code> when a ruleset is named, so they take the headword in the Hertic script and return the declined form in the same script, leaving pronunciation to a separate call. The page declares no orthographic category set of its own, and the declension rules name no categories.

Each ruleset rewrites the citation ending, and every rule is anchored to the end of the word; a word that does not end in its class's citation ending comes back unchanged. The nominative singular of each class is an identity rule, so a table can call all eight cells the same way.

{| class="wikitable"
! Form !! F (feminine, citation <code>-ι</code>) !! M1 (first-declension masculine, citation <code>-αν</code>) !! M2 (second-declension masculine, citation <code>-ουξ</code>)
|-
! NOM SG
| -ι || -αν || -ουξ
|-
! NOM PL
| -υ || -ιο || -ω
|-
! ACC SG
| -ιξ || -αξ || -ουτ
|-
! ACC PL
| -υδες || -ιδες || -ωεσ
|-
! OBL SG
| -ε || -αεν || -ουν
|-
! OBL PL
| -υεν || -ιν || -ων
|-
! GEN SG
| -εν || -ην || -ην
|-
! GEN PL
| -υν || -ιην || -ωην
|}

Three of the M1 plurals carry two rules, matching <code>-ιαν</code> before plain <code>-αν</code> so that an ι-stem does not double its ι: ''φιαν'' → <code>φιο</code>, not <code>φιιο</code>. <code>M1-gen-pl</code> carries only the plain rule, and so returns <code>φιιην</code>.

== Notes ==

Entries do not normally call these rulesets directly. The declension tables come from [[Template:YAQ-HE-decl-F]], [[Template:YAQ-HE-decl-M1]] and [[Template:YAQ-HE-decl-M2]] over [[Template:YAQ-HE-decl/core]]: the wrappers pass the class, the gender label and the definite-article forms, and the core reads the headword from the page name unless <code>word=</code> overrides it. Only the three noun classes have rulesets here; no other part of speech is covered yet.

The rule notation is the engine's, not this page's — it is described at [[Module:Auphen]], and its behaviour and divergences are logged on [[Module talk:Auphen]]. A misspelt ruleset name yields a visible error and files the calling page into [[:Category:Auphen errors]]. Worked examples for the engine live at [[Template:Auphen/testcases]].

Module:Auphen/YAQ-GA/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:36Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen/YAQ-GA]], the sound data for [[Gaillean language|Gaillean]] (registry code <code>YAQ-GA</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It is pure data and is not invoked directly: it returns a table of categories and rules which [[Module:Auphen/frame]] loads and hands to [[Module:Auphen]] whenever [[Template:Auphen]] is called with the code <code>YAQ-GA</code>. The rule notation is the engine's; its behaviour and known divergences are logged at [[Module talk:Auphen]].

== Fields ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Contents
|-
| <code>ipacats</code> || The sound categories the ruleset scopes over: <code>[C]</code>, the consonants, and <code>[V]</code>, the vowels. Gaillean defines no others. <code>7</code>, the working symbol that stands in for /t͡sʰ/ through the ruleset, is listed among the consonants; /t͡sʰ/ itself is not.
|-
| <code>ipa_rules</code> || The initial transposition, from Gaillean spelling to sound.
|-
| <code>pronounce</code> || The ruleset run by <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAQ-GA}}</nowiki></code>, which carries the transposed form to an estimated pronunciation.
|-
| <code>sets</code> || Named derivation rulesets, keyed by name. Empty for Gaillean.
|}

The page defines no <code>cats</code> field. [[Module:Auphen/frame]] reads <code>cats</code> in preference to <code>ipacats</code> when it runs a named ruleset, and hands the engine no transposition with it, so a named ruleset works on spelling rather than on sound. Gaillean has none.

== Transposition ==

Fifteen digraphs are read as units:

{| class="wikitable"
! Spelling !! Sound !! Spelling !! Sound
|-
| <code>ae</code> || aɪ || <code>mp</code> || ᵐp
|-
| <code>ao</code> || ɶ || <code>oe</code> || oʊ
|-
| <code>bh</code> || b͡β || <code>ou</code> || ɯə
|-
| <code>ei</code> || e: || <code>ph</code> || p͡ɸ
|-
| <code>eu</code> || y || <code>th</code> || c
|-
| <code>gh</code> || g͡ɣ || <code>zh</code> || ʒ
|-
| <code>ll</code> || ʎ || <code>zw</code> || ʃʷ
|-
| <code>mb</code> || ᵐb ||   ||  
|}

The engine matches the longest spelling first, so a digraph wins over its letters wherever it stands in the list; the data page lists the digraphs ahead of the single letters for reading, not for precedence. Where three letters meet, <code>mbh</code> and <code>mph</code> therefore transpose as <code>mb</code> or <code>mp</code> followed by <code>h</code>, and the ruleset later draws them together into /ᵐb͡β/ and /ᵐp͡ɸ/.

Among the single letters the values that do not follow the spelling are <code>a</code> /a:/, <code>c</code> /t͡sʰ/, <code>e</code> /ɛ/, <code>f</code> /ɸ/, <code>h</code> /x/, <code>o</code> /ɒ/, <code>r</code> /ɹ/ and <code>v</code> /β/. The rest transpose to their own value, save <code>x</code>, which becomes the working symbol <code>é</code>, and <code>q</code>, which stands unchanged; both are settled by the ruleset, <code>q</code> as /kʷ/ in <code>qu</code> before a vowel, /k͡x/ at the end of a word and /kʲ/ elsewhere, and <code>é</code> as /kʃ/, or /kəʃ/ finally. <code>~</code> transposes to nothing; because the transposition runs before the engine divides the word, the divider is gone by the time the division is made and has no effect in Gaillean, where a space separates words instead. Length is written with a colon, both here and in the engine's output.

== Pronunciation ==

The vowels alternate with their position in the word. /a:/ lowers to [ä] throughout and returns to [a:] before a consonant and vowel and at the end of a word. /ɛ/ raises to [e] before a consonant and vowel, though not in <code>[C][C]_[C]</code> or <code>[C]_[C][C]</code>, and before a final vowel; it reduces to [ə] between a vowel and a consonant, in <code>[C]_[C][C][V]</code> and <code>[V][C]_[C][C]</code>, after a cluster at the end of a word, and at the end of a word after /ʎ ʒ c g͡ɣ/, though never after <code>qu</code>. /ɒ/ raises to [o] before a consonant and vowel, lengthens to [o:] at the end of a word, and centres to [ʌ] between a vowel and a consonant and in <code>[C][C]_[C]</code> and <code>[C]_[C][C]</code>. The return of [a:] and both raisings are blocked before /ʎ ʒ c/, the sounds of <code>ll</code>, <code>zh</code> and <code>th</code>, so <code>liath</code> is /ljäc/ where <code>dwalia</code> is /dwa:lia:/. <code>ei</code> becomes [ɛi] except at the end of a word, where the transposed [e:] stands, and <code>ie</code> becomes [iə] unless another vowel precedes it.

Among the consonants, /n/ palatalises to [ɲ] before /a: i ɛ/ and /s/ to [ʃ] before another consonant. /i/ becomes the glide [j] beside a vowel, but not at the end of a word, not after <code>qu</code>, and not where a single consonant precedes it and a word-final vowel follows; this is what carries the [i] of [ɛi] to [j], so <code>ceir</code> is /t͡sʰɛjɹ/. At the end of a word, and before a word-final consonant, /b d g/ harden to [p t k] and /z ʒ ʒʷ/ to [s ʃ ʃʷ]; /β/ becomes [w] finally, except in <code>bh</code>, and [ɸə] before a final consonant.

Several sounds take a supporting schwa at the end of a word: /ʎ/ becomes [lə], /m/ becomes [ɱə], <code>é</code> becomes [kəʃ], and a word consisting of <code>h</code> alone is [xə]. A final /ɛɹ/ after /t p k/ reduces to [əɹ], so <code>awiter</code> is /a:witəɹ/.

Two rules use <code>%</code>, which in an environment stands for the target as matched: <code>[C]//_%</code> drops the first of a doubled consonant, so <code>arreie</code> is /äɹɛjɛ/ against /a:ɹɛjɛ/ for a single <code>r</code>, and <code>[V]/:/%_</code> writes the second of a doubled vowel as length, so <code>duu</code> is /du:/. Late rules then collapse [nɲ] to [ɲ] and [ʃs] to [s] and restore the working symbols <code>7</code> and <code>8</code> to /t͡sʰ/ and /iə/; while those two stand, they belong to neither category and so match neither <code>[C]</code> nor <code>[V]</code>, as <code>é</code> does not. Two further rules act on characters the transposition never produces: <code>1</code> becomes a hyphen and <code>2</code> is deleted, and both fire only where the character is given in the word itself.

== Named rulesets ==

<code>sets</code> is empty, so <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAQ-GA|ruleset}}</nowiki></code> has nothing to call: it reports an unknown ruleset and files the page in [[:Category:Auphen errors]]. Gaillean noun declension is not derived by the engine — [[Template:YAQ-GA-decl]] builds it from the paradigm and irregular-stem tables in [[Module:Gaillean]]. [[Template:Auphen/testcases]] holds the engine's live acceptance tests; Gaillean has no rows there.

Module:Auphen/doc

2026-08-27T12:19:34Z

Thiorosan: Create the documentation subpage

This is the documentation for [[Module:Auphen]], the sound-change engine for the Yezur wiki. It applies an ordered ruleset of rewrite rules to a word and returns the result. It exports no <code>#invoke</code> entry point and is not called from wikitext: [[Module:Auphen/frame]] requires it, hands it the data for one language and backs [[Template:Auphen]], so that <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|code}}</nowiki></code> estimates a pronunciation and <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|code|ruleset}}</nowiki></code> runs a named ruleset. The categories, the glyph-to-sound table and the rulesets themselves are pure data on the <code>Module:Auphen/<code></code> pages; the engine holds no language-specific material. The rule notation is a port of PhoMo's; the behaviour log, the divergences from it and the module's provenance are kept on [[Module talk:Auphen]].

== Interface ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Call !! Purpose
|-
| <code>Auphen.new(categories, ipa_rules, opts)</code> || Builds an engine. <code>categories</code> maps each bracketed category name to an array of its members in declaration order; <code>ipa_rules</code> is the glyph-to-sound table as a string; <code>opts</code> holds the two settings below. Every argument may be omitted, and an engine built without <code>ipa_rules</code> does no glyph conversion.
|-
| <code>eng:run(ruleset, input, toIpa)</code> || Runs <code>ruleset</code> over <code>input</code> and returns the finished string. The input is split on spaces and on <code>~</code>, each part is processed as its own word with its own word edges, and the parts are rejoined with spaces. With <code>toIpa</code> true the input is first lower-cased, sentence-final punctuation and the colon become <code>|</code>, other punctuation is dropped, and <code>ipa_rules</code> is applied.
|-
| <code>eng:run_word(ruleset, word)</code> || Runs the ruleset over a single word. Returns the finished word and a trace holding, for each rule, its text, the word after it and whether it applied.
|-
| <code>eng.warnings</code> || Warnings gathered while loading and running: an invalid category name, a category reference that cannot be resolved, an affix category used without an index, an affix index that matches nothing, a rule skipped for exceeding the cap below. [[Module:Auphen/frame]] does not read them.
|-
| <code>opts.explodeCap</code> || The ceiling on the number of variants one segment of a rule may expand to, 5,000,000 by default. A segment above it expands to nothing and the rule is skipped with a warning rather than left to exhaust the parser.
|-
| <code>opts.dashToSpace</code> || When true, hyphens in the finished word become spaces.
|}

Neither option is reachable from wikitext: [[Module:Auphen/frame]] builds the engine without an <code>opts</code> table, so template calls run at the default cap and leave hyphens untouched.

== Rule lines ==

A ruleset is plain text, one rule to a line; a line containing no <code>/</code> is ignored. Each rule has up to five fields, separated by <code>/</code>:

target / change / environment / exception / else

{| class="wikitable"
! Field !! Purpose
|-
| target || What the rule matches. <code>#</code> alone means the whole word; an empty target matches at every slot from before the first character to after the last.
|-
| change || What the match becomes. An empty field deletes it.
|-
| environment || Conditions on the surrounding word; the rule applies only where one of them holds. An empty field imposes no condition.
|-
| exception || Conditions written the same way; where one holds, the rule is blocked.
|-
| else || Applied in place of the change wherever the environment fails or an exception holds. An empty field leaves the match alone.
|}

Rules run in order, each on the output of the last. The word is lower-cased before a rule sees it, and the finished word is re-cased to match the input: all lower, all upper, or otherwise capitalised. A rule whose target is <code>#</code> and whose change contains <code>#</code> or <code>@</code> is treated as an affixation instead of a replacement; such a rule has no target position, so a condition containing <code>_</code> never holds in one.

== Notation ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Notation !! Meaning
|-
| <code>[X]</code> || A category: a bracketed capital followed by up to two more letters, its members listed on the language's data page. Members are tried longest first when matching but map by position, so the ''n''th member of the target's category becomes the ''n''th member of the change's.
|-
| <code>[a,b,c]</code> || A category written in place, members comma-separated, without being declared.
|-
| <code>%</code> || In the change, the text that was matched, so that <code>%%</code> doubles it; where the target is <code>#</code> it is the whole word. In a condition, replaced by the matched text before the condition is tested.
|-
| <code>?</code> || The matched text reversed, or the whole word where the target is <code>#</code>; it is read the same way in a condition. As the whole change, <code>?</code>''n'' reverses that text from position ''n'', counting from the end where ''n'' is negative, and <code>?</code>''n''<code>^</code>''m'' reverses ''m'' characters from there.
|-
| <code>_</code> || The target's own slot, which makes the condition local: what stands left of <code>_</code> must precede the match and what stands right of it must follow. A condition without <code>_</code> is global and is tested against the whole word.
|-
| <code>*</code> || In a local condition, separates material that need not be adjacent: the segment nearest the slot must abut it, the others need only occur in order further out.
|-
| <code>#</code> || A word edge. The word is padded with <code>#</code> at each end, so a local condition tests an edge in place; in a global condition, material before the <code>#</code> must be word-initial and material after it word-final.
|-
| <code>=</code> || Counts occurrences, without overlap, in a global condition. <code>[V]=3</code> holds at exactly three, <code>[V]=>3</code> at three or more, <code>[V]=<3</code> at three or fewer.
|-
| <code>|</code> || Separates alternative conditions; the field holds if any one of them does.
|-
| <code>"</code> || As a condition on its own, holds when the previous rule applied.
|-
| <code>@</code>''n'' || Written at the end of the change, selects a single instance: the ''n''th match of the target, counted from the end where ''n'' is negative. Instances are numbered by a left-to-right, longest-first scan, so overlapping members of one category count once. An index on the else field is used where the change carries none.
|-
| <code>^</code>''m'' || After an index, the number of characters the change covers, counted from the start of the match rather than taken from the length of the target.
|-
| <code>!</code>''x'' || Makes the operator character ''x'' an ordinary literal. The <code>!</code> of the movement marker <code>>!</code> is not read as an escape.
|-
| <code>~</code> || A word boundary: each side is run as its own word and the output shows a space. A <code>~</code> produced by a rule becomes a plain space.
|}

== Affixation and movement ==

In an affixation rule the change is a template in which <code>#</code> stands for the word; positions are counted in characters from 1, and a negative position counts from the end. Apart from the movement forms, a template with no <code>#</code> in it leaves the word unchanged; an index and span with no material at all delete. Category references and <code>##</code> are resolved before the template is applied, and <code>%</code> and <code>?</code> are not read here.

{| class="wikitable"
! Change !! Effect
|-
| <code>x#</code> || Prefixes ''x''; <code>#x</code> suffixes it and <code>x#y</code> circumfixes.
|-
| <code>##</code> || Appends a copy of the word, each further <code>#</code> appending another. With an index the copy is that slice of the word — <code>^</code>''m'' giving its length, one character by default — and is placed directly after it.
|-
| <code>#x@</code>''n'' || Inserts ''x'' after character ''n''; <code>x#@</code>''n'' inserts it before.
|-
| <code>x#@</code>''n''<code>^</code>''m'' || Replaces ''m'' characters from position ''n'' with ''x'', or deletes them where the material is empty.
|-
| <code>#[X]@</code>''n'' || The ''n''th member of category X occurring in the word, used as affix material and here suffixed. The index is consumed by the category, so the template's <code>#</code> alone places the material.
|-
| <code>></code>''s''<code>@</code>''d''<code>^</code>''m'' || Moves ''m'' characters, one by default, from position ''s'' to position ''d'', the destination being counted in the word with the block already removed. <code>>!</code> in place of <code>></code> copies the block instead, counting the destination in the unchanged word.
|}

== Notes ==

<code>ipa_rules</code> is read as one <code>glyph/sound</code> pair per line, longest glyph first; anything it does not match passes through unchanged. It is applied only on the pronunciation path, where [[Module:Auphen/frame]] runs the data page's <code>pronounce</code> ruleset against its <code>ipacats</code> categories and wraps the result in slashes. A named ruleset is taken from <code>sets</code> and run against <code>cats</code>, over the orthography and with no glyph conversion. Either category set stands in for the other where a data page defines only one.

Worked examples for the languages with sound data are on [[Template:Auphen/testcases]], which calls <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Auphen/frame|raw}}</nowiki></code> for unformatted output. A missing word or code, a code with no data page and an unknown ruleset are reported rather than raised: <code><nowiki>{{auphen}}</nowiki></code> renders the message as an error and files the page in [[:Category:Auphen errors]], while <code>raw</code> returns it as a plain <code>ERROR:</code> line.

Module:Airananwe/doc

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This is the documentation for [[Module:Airananwe]], the inflection-table builder for Airananwe (registry code <code>YAS-AI</code>) on the Yezur wiki. It is not called directly: [[Template:YAS-AI-conj]] invokes <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Airananwe|conj}}</nowiki></code> and [[Template:YAS-AI-decl]] invokes <code><nowiki>{{#invoke:Airananwe|decl}}</nowiki></code>, and Dictionary entries transclude those templates under a <code><nowiki>====Conjugation====</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>====Declension====</nowiki></code> heading.

The module holds no rules of its own: what it hard-codes is the inventory of tenses and persons and the layout of the tables, while every form is derived by running one named ruleset from [[Module:Auphen/YAS-AI]] over the citation form. It requires that data page directly rather than through [[Module:Auphen/frame]], and builds an [[Module:Auphen]] engine from its orthography-scope categories (<code>cats</code>) alone. The engine is created without <code>ipa_rules</code> and each form is asked for in spelling rather than sound, so <code>pronounce</code> is never run and the tables come out in ordinary Airananwe orthography; pronunciation stays with <code><nowiki>{{auphen}}</nowiki></code>. A change to the rules on the data page is therefore picked up here without an edit to this module, which is wired to <code>YAS-AI</code> and serves no other language.

== Parameters ==

Both functions take the same parameters and read them from the parent frame, so they are given to the wrapper template rather than to the invocation.

{| class="wikitable"
! Parameter !! Purpose
|-
| <code>word</code> || The form to inflect: the citation form of the verb for <code>conj</code>, the singular of the noun for <code>decl</code>. Defaults to the page name when omitted.
|-
| <code>1</code> || A positional alternative to <code>word</code>, consulted only when <code>word</code> is absent; a <code>word</code> that is present but empty falls through to the page name instead.
|}

== Rulesets ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Ruleset !! Derives
|-
| <code>''tense''-''person''</code> || One finite form. ''tense'' is <code>past</code>, <code>nearpast</code>, <code>present</code>, <code>nearpresent</code>, <code>nearfuture</code>, <code>future</code>, <code>passive-past</code>, <code>passive-present</code> or <code>passive-future</code>; ''person'' is <code>1sg</code>, <code>2sg</code>, <code>3sg</code>, <code>3sg-f</code>, <code>1p</code>, <code>2p</code> or <code>3p</code>.
|-
| <code>''tense''-''person''-neg</code> || The negative counterpart of the same form.
|-
| <code>plural</code> || The plural of a noun, from the shape of the singular.
|-
| <code>genitive</code> || The genitive of a noun. Run over the headword for the singular and over the generated plural for the plural.
|}

The data page carries two further rulesets, <code>special</code> and <code>passive</code>, which this module never calls: each finite ruleset repeats inline the stem derivation it needs — bare stem, special stem or passive stem — before the personal ending, so it can be run over the citation form on its own. The two remain reachable as <code><nowiki>{{auphen|word|YAS-AI|special}}</nowiki></code>.

<code>conj</code> emits two tables, the seven persons down the side, captioned "Active — negative beneath each form" and "Passive". The first covers the six active tenses, the affirmative in bold with the negative in grey beneath it; the second covers the passive past, present and future in the same layout. A tense and person for which no affirmative ruleset exists is shown as an em dash, and a missing negative leaves the lower line of the cell empty; with the data page as it stands neither case arises.

<code>decl</code> emits a single table, <code>SG</code> and <code>PL</code> against <code>plain</code> and <code>genitive</code>, all four forms in bold. Airananwe has no case in the old sense — the plural is formed by rule from the shape of the singular, and the genitive is the suffixed postposition ''-enne'' (''-nne'' after a vowel), which attaches to both numbers. Running the genitive over the plural is the one place where the output of one ruleset is fed to another.

For the rule notation itself, and for the engine's behaviour and divergence log, see [[Module talk:Auphen]].

Category:Proto-Unterian verbs

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Category:Proto-Unterian pronouns

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Category:Proto-Unterian numerals

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Category:Proto-Unterian nouns

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Category:Proto-South-Andusian verbs

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Category:Proto-South-Andusian nouns

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