Dictionary:About Besoh - Revision history

Thiorosan: #89: use the free Besoh word mamgo' in the example; gob is bound

2026-08-19T07:41:18Z

#89: use the free Besoh word mamgo' in the example; gob is bound

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:41, 19 August 2026
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	* '''Converbs''' by nominalization and case: ''-me'' + locative for time (''zo serme'on'' “having heard this”), ''-me'' + dative for purpose.		* '''Converbs''' by nominalization and case: ''-me'' + locative for time (''zo serme'on'' “having heard this”), ''-me'' + dative for purpose.
	* '''Manner''' by a bare preverbal verb: ''koro ĝamso'' “carrying at a run”.		* '''Manner''' by a bare preverbal verb: ''koro ĝamso'' “carrying at a run”.
	* “Make X into Y”: goal in the dative with ''keś'' — ''~~gob~~ hummebi keś'' “makes the hair into cloth”.		* “Make X into Y”: goal in the dative with ''keś'' — ''mamgo' hummebi keś'' “makes the hair into cloth”.
	* '''Imperative''': the bare verb, with a vocative before it — ''Sagobbe' ser!'' “Listen, llama!”		* '''Imperative''': the bare verb, with a vocative before it — ''Sagobbe' ser!'' “Listen, llama!”
	* '''Motion toward''' takes the '''dative''' (''hononbi bonkoro'' “fled into the plain”); the locative is static position only.		* '''Motion toward''' takes the '''dative''' (''hononbi bonkoro'' “fled into the plain”); the locative is static position only.

Thiorosan: Complements ruled juxtaposed (operator practice wins); kovĥiu subordinator; the he'on ambiguity, canonized

2026-08-07T10:05:22Z

Complements ruled juxtaposed (operator practice wins); kovĥiu subordinator; the he'on ambiguity, canonized

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:05, 7 August 2026
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	* '''Comparative''': the degree word ''rin'' (“more”, from “climb”) before the adjective, the standard in the locative: ''he'on rin gia'' “heavier than he”. Partitive superlative with ''jen'': ''fe' jen gia'' “the stronger of the two”. “The more X, the more Y” is two parallel ''rin'' clauses; the prefix ''ro-'' intensifies a verb (''rośen'' “blew all the harder”).		* '''Comparative''': the degree word ''rin'' (“more”, from “climb”) before the adjective, the standard in the locative: ''he'on rin gia'' “heavier than he”. Partitive superlative with ''jen'': ''fe' jen gia'' “the stronger of the two”. “The more X, the more Y” is two parallel ''rin'' clauses; the prefix ''ro-'' intensifies a verb (''rośen'' “blew all the harder”).
	* '''Causative''' with the prefix ''bi-'' (the old “give”), causee in the dative: ''avsobi humme bivus'' “makes the traveler take off the garment” — etymologically a double ''bi'': “gives him the taking”.		* '''Causative''' with the prefix ''bi-'' (the old “give”), causee in the dative: ''avsobi humme bivus'' “makes the traveler take off the garment” — etymologically a double ''bi'': “gives him the taking”.
	* '''Complement clauses are ~~quotative~~''': ~~where other languages embed (“agreed~~ ''that''…”, ~~“asked~~ ''~~which~~''~~…”), Besoh quotes directly —~~ ''~~Begun: “…”~~'' ~~“they agreed: “…””~~.		* '''Complement clauses are juxtaposed''': the clause simply follows the verb of saying, thinking, or agreeing — ''mongö, San fe' jen rin gia'' “confessed that the Sun was the stronger”. Marking it as actual quoted speech is a stylistic option.
			* ''kovĥiu'' “when” also serves as a temporal subordinator, beside the ''-me'' converbs.
			* The locative of a pronoun is both plain location and comparative standard: ''he'on'' is “on him” or “than he” — context decides. The language's first recorded ambiguity, kept on purpose.
	* '''Converb clauses are miniature sentences''': the ''-me'' form closes its own clause, whose subject stands bare before it — ''avso keme'on'' “at the traveler's coming”.		* '''Converb clauses are miniature sentences''': the ''-me'' form closes its own clause, whose subject stands bare before it — ''avso keme'on'' “at the traveler's coming”.

Thiorosan: Comparative, causative bi-, quotative complements, converb subjects; word-formation additions (operator-ratified)

2026-08-07T08:01:54Z

Comparative, causative bi-, quotative complements, converb subjects; word-formation additions (operator-ratified)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:01, 7 August 2026
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	* '''Body-part possession drops''' when the owner is the object: ''buf be jius'' “my heart pains me” — no genitive needed.		* '''Body-part possession drops''' when the owner is the object: ''buf be jius'' “my heart pains me” — no genitive needed.
	* There is '''no reflexive pronoun''': the plain pronoun in the dative serves — ''hebi keś'' “makes for himself”.		* There is '''no reflexive pronoun''': the plain pronoun in the dative serves — ''hebi keś'' “makes for himself”.
			* '''Comparative''': the degree word ''rin'' (“more”, from “climb”) before the adjective, the standard in the locative: ''he'on rin gia'' “heavier than he”. Partitive superlative with ''jen'': ''fe' jen gia'' “the stronger of the two”. “The more X, the more Y” is two parallel ''rin'' clauses; the prefix ''ro-'' intensifies a verb (''rośen'' “blew all the harder”).
			* '''Causative''' with the prefix ''bi-'' (the old “give”), causee in the dative: ''avsobi humme bivus'' “makes the traveler take off the garment” — etymologically a double ''bi'': “gives him the taking”.
			* '''Complement clauses are quotative''': where other languages embed (“agreed ''that''…”, “asked ''which''…”), Besoh quotes directly — ''Begun: “…”'' “they agreed: “…””.
			* '''Converb clauses are miniature sentences''': the ''-me'' form closes its own clause, whose subject stands bare before it — ''avso keme'on'' “at the traveler's coming”.

	== Word formation ==		== Word formation ==
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	\|-		\|-
	\| ''e'' + ''j'' + ''e'' \|\| ''ë'' \|\| ''komcën'' “wagon” (“barge of the land”)		\| ''e'' + ''j'' + ''e'' \|\| ''ë'' \|\| ''komcën'' “wagon” (“barge of the land”)
			\|-
			\| '' ' '' lost in prefixation \|\| — \|\| ''rośen'' (''ro-'' + ''śen''), ''bi-'' forms
			\|-
			\| '' ' '' lost before a suffix consonant \|\| — \|\| ''eĝuva'' (''eĝu'' + ''va' '')
			\|-
			\| contraction of case endings \|\| — \|\| ''begun'' < ''be'' + ''gu'on'' “at one mouth”
	\|}		\|}
	The last is the contraction of law 2 reaching ''j'': the two weakest consonants contract alike between vowels. The postposition ''jen'' “of” is itself wearing down to a suffix ''-en'' in such formations (''vezen'' “gloom”, ''komcën''), and the dative ''bi'' serves as a verbal applicative (''huĝezbi'' “irrigate” — “flow-to”).		The last is the contraction of law 2 reaching ''j'': the two weakest consonants contract alike between vowels. The postposition ''jen'' “of” is itself wearing down to a suffix ''-en'' in such formations (''vezen'' “gloom”, ''komcën''), and the dative ''bi'' serves as a verbal applicative (''huĝezbi'' “irrigate” — “flow-to”).

Thiorosan: Grammar rulings from the first translated text: imperative, dative allative, possessor drop, no reflexive (operator-ratified)

2026-08-07T07:25:09Z

Grammar rulings from the first translated text: imperative, dative allative, possessor drop, no reflexive (operator-ratified)

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:25, 7 August 2026
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	* '''Manner''' by a bare preverbal verb: ''koro ĝamso'' “carrying at a run”.		* '''Manner''' by a bare preverbal verb: ''koro ĝamso'' “carrying at a run”.
	* “Make X into Y”: goal in the dative with ''keś'' — ''gob hummebi keś'' “makes the hair into cloth”.		* “Make X into Y”: goal in the dative with ''keś'' — ''gob hummebi keś'' “makes the hair into cloth”.
			* '''Imperative''': the bare verb, with a vocative before it — ''Sagobbe' ser!'' “Listen, llama!”
			* '''Motion toward''' takes the '''dative''' (''hononbi bonkoro'' “fled into the plain”); the locative is static position only.
			* '''Body-part possession drops''' when the owner is the object: ''buf be jius'' “my heart pains me” — no genitive needed.
			* There is '''no reflexive pronoun''': the plain pronoun in the dative serves — ''hebi keś'' “makes for himself”.

	== Word formation ==		== Word formation ==

Thiorosan: Grammar: participles, relatives, privative, converbs; Word formation: seam-assimilation table (operator-ratified)

2026-08-06T14:31:22Z

Grammar: participles, relatives, privative, converbs; Word formation: seam-assimilation table (operator-ratified)

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 * '''Adjectives''' are stative verbs: before the noun they attribute (''agge śiześ'' “a big house”); clause-finally they predicate (''śiześ agge'' “the house is big”).
 * Example: ''Konso jen ruve ña'on vo' om.'' — “The hunter's child sees the crocodile in the river.”
 == See also ==
 * [[Dictionary:About Proto-South-Andusian]]
 * [[Besoh language]]

Thiorosan: Practice page for Besoh: conventions, the 15 laws, orthography, pronunciation, grammar (operator-ratified)

2026-08-06T08:18:41Z

Practice page for Besoh: conventions, the 15 laws, orthography, pronunciation, grammar (operator-ratified)

New page

This page documents the dictionary's practice for '''Besoh''' (''Bëson'', code ''YCQ-BE''), the earliest attested language of the [[Andusian]] family and the first attested member of its South Andusian branch. Unlike its reconstructed ancestors, Besoh forms carry no asterisk.

== Entry conventions ==
* Entries currently live at '''romanized titles'''. Besoh has its own script; once its type is prepared for the wiki, entries will move to native-script titles with romanized redirects, following the practice of Ancient Hertic.
* The spelling is conservative: Besoh is '''not pronounced as written'''. Each entry's Pronunciation section gives the estimated spoken form; the laws behind it are below.
* Nouns carry a Declension section ({{tl|YCQ-BE-decl}}), verbs a Conjugation section ({{tl|YCQ-BE-conj}}). The bare plural of a noun has its own entry (a non-lemma form, without etymology); other table forms do not.

== Development from Proto-South-Andusian ==
The written language reflects five laws:
# '''Low-mid merger''': *ɛ, *ɔ > ''e'', ''o'' — five vowel qualities, short and long.
# '''Contraction''': *h between identical vowels > a long vowel (''*hehe'' > ''hë'' “grandmother”).
# '''Gemination''': an oral stop assimilated to a following obstruent (''*biktu'' > ''bittu'' “fear”; ''*hɔkfo'' > ''hoffo'' “moon”).
# '''*w > v''' (''*hɛw'' > ''hev'' “weep”).
# '''Lenition''': intervocalic *f, *s > ''v'', ''z'' (''*asume'' > ''azume'' “other”).

== Orthography ==
Plain letters have their expected values. Distinctive values: ''ś ź'' = ʃ ʒ · ''c j'' = ʦ ʣ · ''ñ'' = ɲ · '''''n'' = ŋ''' (Besoh has no plain n) · ''ĥ ĝ'' = x ɣ · ''ǵ'' = ʁ · '''' '''' = ʔ · ''ä ë ï ö ü'' = the long vowels.

== Pronunciation ==
Ten further developments are spoken but never written; entries' Pronunciation sections and the inflection tables apply them.
# Stress falls on a heavy penult (long vowel or closed syllable), else the antepenult.
# Final unstressed ''e, o'' > [əː] (''medo'' [meðəː]).
# ''b d g'' > [β ð ɣ] between vowels.
# ''e o'' > [ɛ ɔ] in closed syllables — the old low-mids return as allophones.
# ''ĥ'' > [ç] before front vowels (''kovĥiu'' [kɔvçy]).
# ''ǵ'' is [ʁ] throughout.
# Final '' ' '' is a glottal catch on the vowel ([ˀ]); before a following vowel it revives as full [ʔ] (''ña'on'' [ɲaʔõ]).
# Final ''n'' survives only as nasality on the vowel (''san'' [sã]; the [ŋ] returns under suffixation: ''sanu'' [saŋu]).
# ''iu'' > [y].
# Obstruents assimilate voicing regressively and devoice word-finally (''gisbo'' [gizbə], ''hev'' [hɛf]).

== Grammar ==
* '''SOV''', postpositional. No gender or noun class; no person agreement.
* '''Nouns''': plural ''-u'', after vowels ''-'u'' (''he'u'' “women”, ''śizu'u'' “villages”); locative ''-on'' / ''-'on''; dative with the postposition ''bi''; the plural locative collapses ''-'u'on'' to ''-'on'', merging with the singular for vowel-final nouns. Genitive with the postposition ''jen'' (“of”), dependent first: ''konso jen ruve'' “the hunter's child”.
* '''Verbs''': the stative in ''-va'' (also the passive: ''humva'' “be woven”); perfect with the preposed particle ''va' ''; inchoative and future with ''ke''; negation with '' so' '' before the verb, or before a noun to negate it alone.
* '''Adjectives''' are stative verbs: before the noun they attribute (''agge śiześ'' “a big house”); clause-finally they predicate (''śiześ agge'' “the house is big”).
* Example: ''Konso jen ruve ña'on vo' om.'' — “The hunter's child sees the crocodile in the river.”

== See also ==
* [[Dictionary:About Proto-South-Andusian]]
* [[Besoh language]]