Dictionary:About Proto-Andusian - Revision history

Thiorosan: Link the three descendant-branch practice pages

2026-08-04T10:06:51Z

Link the three descendant-branch practice pages

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 4 August 2026
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	# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi\|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.		# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi\|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.
	# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus\|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.		# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus\|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.

			== Descendant branches ==
			Proto-Andusian gave rise to three branches, each with a reconstructed ancestor of its own and its own practice page: [[Dictionary:About Proto-North-Andusian\|Proto-North-Andusian]] (''YCP-XA''), [[Dictionary:About Proto-South-Andusian\|Proto-South-Andusian]] (''YCP-XB''), and [[Dictionary:About Proto-Unterian\|Proto-Unterian]] (''YCP-XC''). Each branch page states the ordered sound laws by which its forms derive from the entries here. The branches part ways instructively: for ''bʰek'' “woman” compare North ''bɛk'', South ''heʔ'', Unterian ''weki''.

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[:Category:Proto-Andusian lemmas]]		* [[:Category:Proto-Andusian lemmas]]
	* [[Andusian]]		* [[Andusian]]

Thiorosan: Implosives retired: inventory row now voiced aspirates bʰ dʰ; examples updated

2026-08-03T13:57:04Z

Implosives retired: inventory row now voiced aspirates bʰ dʰ; examples updated

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 3 August 2026
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	\| Plain stops \|\| ''p t d b k g q ɢ c ɟ''		\| Plain stops \|\| ''p t d b k g q ɢ c ɟ''
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~Implosives~~ \|\| ''~~ɓ ɗ~~''		\| Voiced aspirates \|\| ''bʰ dʰ''
	\|-		\|-
	\| Prenasalized \|\| ''ᵐb ᵑg''		\| Prenasalized \|\| ''ᵐb ᵑg''
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	\| [[Dictionary:-ɛts\|*-ɛts]] \|\| abstract nouns \|\| ''[[Dictionary:ɛts\|ɛts]]'' “seed”		\| [[Dictionary:-ɛts\|*-ɛts]] \|\| abstract nouns \|\| ''[[Dictionary:ɛts\|ɛts]]'' “seed”
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Dictionary:-wa\|*-wa]] \|\| stative adjectives \|\| ''[[Dictionary:~~ɗixwa~~\|~~ɗixwa~~]]'' “full”		\| [[Dictionary:-wa\|*-wa]] \|\| stative adjectives \|\| ''[[Dictionary:dʰixwa\|dʰixwa]]'' “full”
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Dictionary:-kɛ\|*-kɛ]] \|\| inchoative verbs \|\| ''[[Dictionary:kɛ\|kɛ]]'' “come, become”		\| [[Dictionary:-kɛ\|*-kɛ]] \|\| inchoative verbs \|\| ''[[Dictionary:kɛ\|kɛ]]'' “come, become”
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	\|}		\|}

	One '''bound root''' is reconstructed: [[Dictionary:fiq\|*fiq]] “covering”, attested only in ''[[Dictionary:ciᵐbfiq\|ciᵐbfiq]]'' “bark” and ''[[Dictionary:~~aɓfiq~~\|~~aɓfiq~~]]'' “skin” (and possibly hiding in ''[[Dictionary:fi\|fi]]'' “sky”).		One '''bound root''' is reconstructed: [[Dictionary:fiq\|*fiq]] “covering”, attested only in ''[[Dictionary:ciᵐbfiq\|ciᵐbfiq]]'' “bark” and ''[[Dictionary:abʰfiq\|abʰfiq]]'' “skin” (and possibly hiding in ''[[Dictionary:fi\|fi]]'' “sky”).

	== Reduplication ==		== Reduplication ==
	Three reduplication patterns are reconstructed; the third is productive.		Three reduplication patterns are reconstructed; the third is productive.

	# '''Nursery reduplication''' in kinship terms: ''[[Dictionary:kaka\|kaka]]'' “grandfather” beside ''[[Dictionary:ka\|ka]]'' “father”; ''[[Dictionary:~~ɓeɓe~~\|~~ɓeɓe~~]]'' “grandmother” beside ''[[Dictionary:~~ɓek~~\|~~ɓek~~]]'' “woman”. Frozen; not productive.		# '''Nursery reduplication''' in kinship terms: ''[[Dictionary:kaka\|kaka]]'' “grandfather” beside ''[[Dictionary:ka\|ka]]'' “father”; ''[[Dictionary:bʰebʰe\|bʰebʰe]]'' “grandmother” beside ''[[Dictionary:bʰek\|bʰek]]'' “woman”. Frozen; not productive.
	# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi\|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.		# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi\|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.
	# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus\|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.		# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus\|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.

Thiorosan: Match the strict-senses ruling: retire the (?) convention, describe definitions as broad sense fields

2026-08-03T12:09:44Z

Match the strict-senses ruling: retire the (?) convention, describe definitions as broad sense fields

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:09, 3 August 2026
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	== Entry conventions ==		== Entry conventions ==
	* Entries live at plain phonemic titles with '''no asterisk''' — the leading * that marks a reconstruction is supplied automatically wherever a form is displayed, by the language registry.		* Entries live at plain phonemic titles with '''no asterisk''' — the leading * that marks a reconstruction is supplied automatically wherever a form is displayed, by the language registry.
	* ~~Senses marked '''(?)'''~~ are ~~conjectural~~: extensions ~~and metaphors~~ the word plausibly carried, ~~offered so that~~ descendant vocabularies ~~can be built from~~ a ~~rich~~ field ~~rather than a bare gloss. They should be treated as a menu, not as established fact~~.		* Definitions are deliberately broad. A reconstructed word is a field of related senses rather than a point: the figurative senses record the extensions the word plausibly carried, and descendant vocabularies may each continue a different part of the field.
	* Derived and compound words whose formation is still transparent carry an ''Etymology'' section pointing at their parts. A descendant language may inherit such a word whole (with sound change applied to the fossil), or coin it afresh from the inherited parts — the two routes give different results, and neither is more correct.		* Derived and compound words whose formation is still transparent carry an ''Etymology'' section pointing at their parts. A descendant language may inherit such a word whole (with sound change applied to the fossil), or coin it afresh from the inherited parts — the two routes give different results, and neither is more correct.

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	# '''Nursery reduplication''' in kinship terms: ''[[Dictionary:kaka\|kaka]]'' “grandfather” beside ''[[Dictionary:ka\|ka]]'' “father”; ''[[Dictionary:ɓeɓe\|ɓeɓe]]'' “grandmother” beside ''[[Dictionary:ɓek\|ɓek]]'' “woman”. Frozen; not productive.		# '''Nursery reduplication''' in kinship terms: ''[[Dictionary:kaka\|kaka]]'' “grandfather” beside ''[[Dictionary:ka\|ka]]'' “father”; ''[[Dictionary:ɓeɓe\|ɓeɓe]]'' “grandmother” beside ''[[Dictionary:ɓek\|ɓek]]'' “woman”. Frozen; not productive.
	# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi\|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.		# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi\|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.
	# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus\|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”~~)(?~~). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.		# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus\|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[:Category:Proto-Andusian lemmas]]		* [[:Category:Proto-Andusian lemmas]]
	* [[Andusian]]		* [[Andusian]]

Thiorosan: Grammar-notes page for Proto-Andusian: entry conventions, phonology, derivation, reduplication (operator request)

2026-08-03T11:50:21Z

Grammar-notes page for Proto-Andusian: entry conventions, phonology, derivation, reduplication (operator request)

New page

This page documents the dictionary's practice for '''Proto-Andusian''' (code ''YCP-XX''), the reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Andusian]] language family. Being a reconstructed language, none of its forms are attested in writing; every entry is an inference, and the conventions below say how that uncertainty is written down.

== Entry conventions ==
* Entries live at plain phonemic titles with '''no asterisk''' — the leading * that marks a reconstruction is supplied automatically wherever a form is displayed, by the language registry.
* Senses marked '''(?)''' are conjectural: extensions and metaphors the word plausibly carried, offered so that descendant vocabularies can be built from a rich field rather than a bare gloss. They should be treated as a menu, not as established fact.
* Derived and compound words whose formation is still transparent carry an ''Etymology'' section pointing at their parts. A descendant language may inherit such a word whole (with sound change applied to the fossil), or coin it afresh from the inherited parts — the two routes give different results, and neither is more correct.

== Phonology ==
The reconstructed inventory, as it stands in the core vocabulary:

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Consonants
|-
| Plain stops || ''p t d b k g q ɢ c ɟ''
|-
| Implosives || ''ɓ ɗ''
|-
| Prenasalized || ''ᵐb ᵑg''
|-
| Labiovelars || ''kp gb''
|-
| Affricates || ''ts dz''
|-
| Fricatives || ''f v s z x ɣ h''
|-
| Nasals || ''m ɲ ŋ''
|-
| Liquids and glide || ''r l w''
|}

Seven vowels: ''a e i o u ɛ ɔ''. Vowel sequences occur freely (''ᵑgao'', ''gɔɛ'', ''zae'').

Two gaps appear systematic rather than accidental:
* There is '''no plain *n''' — the nasal series is ''m'', ''ɲ'', ''ŋ'' only, matching the prenasalized series (''ᵐb'', ''ᵑg'', never ''ⁿd''). Descendants that show an ''n'' will have innovated it.
* '''*p never begins a word''', though it is common elsewhere (''rop'', ''qup'', ''sorpe'').

== Derivation ==
Proto-Andusian word-building is suffixing, with two prefixes. The reconstructed affixes, each with its own entry:

{| class="wikitable"
! Affix !! Forms !! Grounded in
|-
| [[Dictionary:-uɣ|*-uɣ]] || collectives: a mass or landscape of the base || ''[[Dictionary:ciᵐbuɣ|ciᵐbuɣ]]'' “forest”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-me|*-me]] || result and patient nouns || ''[[Dictionary:vutme|vutme]]'' “name”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-so|*-so]] || agent nouns || ''[[Dictionary:soc|soc]]'' “the begetter”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-ᵐbu|*-ᵐbu]] || instrument nouns || ''[[Dictionary:ᵐbu|ᵐbu]]'' “hand”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-oŋ|*-oŋ]] || place nouns || ''[[Dictionary:oŋ|oŋ]]'' “at”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-dzi|*-dzi]] || diminutives || ''[[Dictionary:dziq|dziq]]'' “small”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-gɛ|*-gɛ]] || augmentatives || ''[[Dictionary:axgɛɣ|axgɛɣ]]'' “big”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-ɛts|*-ɛts]] || abstract nouns || ''[[Dictionary:ɛts|ɛts]]'' “seed”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-wa|*-wa]] || stative adjectives || ''[[Dictionary:ɗixwa|ɗixwa]]'' “full”
|-
| [[Dictionary:-kɛ|*-kɛ]] || inchoative verbs || ''[[Dictionary:kɛ|kɛ]]'' “come, become”
|-
| [[Dictionary:ᵐbi-|*ᵐbi-]] || causatives and benefactives || ''[[Dictionary:ᵐbi|ᵐbi]]'' “give”
|-
| [[Dictionary:sog-|*sog-]] || privatives || ''[[Dictionary:sog|sog]]'' “not”
|}

One '''bound root''' is reconstructed: [[Dictionary:fiq|*fiq]] “covering”, attested only in ''[[Dictionary:ciᵐbfiq|ciᵐbfiq]]'' “bark” and ''[[Dictionary:aɓfiq|aɓfiq]]'' “skin” (and possibly hiding in ''[[Dictionary:fi|fi]]'' “sky”).

== Reduplication ==
Three reduplication patterns are reconstructed; the third is productive.

# '''Nursery reduplication''' in kinship terms: ''[[Dictionary:kaka|kaka]]'' “grandfather” beside ''[[Dictionary:ka|ka]]'' “father”; ''[[Dictionary:ɓeɓe|ɓeɓe]]'' “grandmother” beside ''[[Dictionary:ɓek|ɓek]]'' “woman”. Frozen; not productive.
# '''Expressive reduplication''' in imitative and affective words: ''[[Dictionary:ɲiɲi|ɲiɲi]]'' “mosquito”. Marginal.
# '''Full reduplication''' as a live process: on verbs it is '''intensive–iterative''' (''dzus-dzus'' “gnaw, keep biting”, from ''[[Dictionary:dzus|dzus]]'' “bite, eat”), and on nouns plausibly '''distributive''' (“here and there, of every kind”)(?). Reduplicated forms are predictable and are not given their own entries; descendant languages may lexicalize individual ones.

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Proto-Andusian lemmas]]
* [[Andusian]]