https://yezur.xyz/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Dictionary%3AAbout_Proto-North-Andusian 2026-08-28T17:45:18Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.9 https://yezur.xyz/w/index.php?title=Dictionary:About_Proto-North-Andusian&diff=2792&oldid=prev 2026-08-04T10:06:00Z

<p>Branch proto grammar-notes: sound laws from Proto-Andusian, resulting phonology (operator-approved)</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>This page documents the dictionary&#039;s practice for &#039;&#039;&#039;Proto-North-Andusian&#039;&#039;&#039; (code &#039;&#039;YCP-XA&#039;&#039;), the reconstructed ancestor of the North Andusian branch of the [[Andusian]] family. Like [[Dictionary:About Proto-Andusian|Proto-Andusian]] itself, it is a reconstruction: entries live at plain phonemic titles, the leading * is supplied automatically, and entries are created as etymologies come to cite them rather than in bulk.<br /> <br /> == Development from Proto-Andusian ==<br /> The laws below apply in order; forms cited are Proto-Andusian on the left of the arrow.<br /> <br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Low-mid merger.&#039;&#039;&#039; *ɛ, *ɔ merged into *e, *o, vacating the low-mid space (&#039;&#039;*lɛbʰ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;leb&#039;&#039; “bee”, first stage).<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Final nasal absorption.&#039;&#039;&#039; Word-final *-ŋ was lost, nasalizing the preceding vowel: &#039;&#039;*saŋ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;sã&#039;&#039; “sun”; &#039;&#039;*oŋ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;õ&#039;&#039; “at”. Nasal vowels resist the following law.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Register-to-quality.&#039;&#039;&#039; Vowels laxed and lowered after the breathy stops *bʰ, *dʰ (*a &gt; &#039;&#039;ɑ&#039;&#039;, *e &gt; &#039;&#039;ɛ&#039;&#039;, *i &gt; &#039;&#039;e&#039;&#039;, *o &gt; &#039;&#039;ɔ&#039;&#039;, *u &gt; &#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;), and the breathy stops then merged into *b, *d: &#039;&#039;*bʰek&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;bɛk&#039;&#039; “woman”, &#039;&#039;*bʰat&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;bɑt&#039;&#039; “grass”, &#039;&#039;*dʰes&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;dɛs&#039;&#039; “go”. The breathy series survives only as vowel colour: old and new low-mids contrast as in &#039;&#039;*dʰɔkfo&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;dɔxfo&#039;&#039; “moon” beside &#039;&#039;*ɔᵐbu&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;oᵐbu&#039;&#039; “cut”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Uvular collapse.&#039;&#039;&#039; *q &gt; &#039;&#039;ʔ&#039;&#039;; *ɢ merged into &#039;&#039;ɣ&#039;&#039;: &#039;&#039;*qodʰ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;ʔod&#039;&#039; “we”; &#039;&#039;*buɢ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;buɣ&#039;&#039; “dust”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Medial weakening.&#039;&#039;&#039; Between vowels, *d &gt; &#039;&#039;r&#039;&#039;, *b &gt; &#039;&#039;v&#039;&#039;, *g &gt; &#039;&#039;ɣ&#039;&#039;, and *h was lost: &#039;&#039;*dʰudo&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;doro&#039;&#039; “sew”; &#039;&#039;*mubʰe&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;muvɛ&#039;&#039; “wash”; &#039;&#039;*ɲehits&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;ɲeits&#039;&#039; “warm”. The weakening postdates law 3 and so feeds on the reflexes of the breathy stops.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Cluster laws.&#039;&#039;&#039; *k spirantized to &#039;&#039;x&#039;&#039; before a consonant (&#039;&#039;*dʰɔkfo&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;dɔxfo&#039;&#039;), and *t assimilated fully to a following *m (&#039;&#039;*vutme&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;vumme&#039;&#039; “name”; &#039;&#039;*kpetme&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;kpemme&#039;&#039; “neck”).<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> The labiovelar (&#039;&#039;kp&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;gb&#039;&#039;) and prenasalized (&#039;&#039;ᵐb&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;ᵑg&#039;&#039;) series survive intact — North Andusian is the branch that keeps the ancestral consonant frame — while the vowel system triples: plain &#039;&#039;a e i o u&#039;&#039;, the laxed register vowels &#039;&#039;ɑ ɛ ɔ&#039;&#039;, and the nasal vowels &#039;&#039;ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ&#039;&#039;. New consonants: &#039;&#039;ʔ&#039;&#039;. Lost: the uvulars and the breathy stops.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Dictionary:About Proto-Andusian]]<br /> * [[Andusian]]</div>

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