https://yezur.xyz/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Dictionary%3AAbout_Proto-South-Andusian 2026-08-28T17:45:16Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.9 https://yezur.xyz/w/index.php?title=Dictionary:About_Proto-South-Andusian&diff=2793&oldid=prev 2026-08-04T10:06:03Z

<p>Branch proto grammar-notes: sound laws from Proto-Andusian, resulting phonology (operator-approved)</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>This page documents the dictionary&#039;s practice for &#039;&#039;&#039;Proto-South-Andusian&#039;&#039;&#039; (code &#039;&#039;YCP-XB&#039;&#039;), the reconstructed ancestor of the South Andusian branch of the [[Andusian]] family. Like [[Dictionary:About Proto-Andusian|Proto-Andusian]] itself, it is a reconstruction: entries live at plain phonemic titles, the leading * is supplied automatically, and entries are created as etymologies come to cite them rather than in bulk.<br /> <br /> == Development from Proto-Andusian ==<br /> The laws below apply in order; forms cited are Proto-Andusian on the left of the arrow.<br /> <br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Prenasal split.&#039;&#039;&#039; The prenasalized stops split by position: word-initially they hardened to plain voiced stops, elsewhere they became plain nasals: &#039;&#039;*ᵐbu&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;bu&#039;&#039; “hand” but &#039;&#039;*geᵐb&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;gem&#039;&#039; “in”; &#039;&#039;*ᵑgɔm&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;gɔm&#039;&#039; “thunder” but &#039;&#039;*siᵑgir&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;siŋir&#039;&#039; “sing”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Palatal sibilation.&#039;&#039;&#039; *c &gt; &#039;&#039;ʃ&#039;&#039;, *ɟ &gt; &#039;&#039;ʒ&#039;&#039;: &#039;&#039;*cisɛc&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;ʃisɛʃ&#039;&#039; “house”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Labiovelar rounding.&#039;&#039;&#039; The labiovelars rounded a following unrounded vowel (*a, *ɛ &gt; &#039;&#039;ɔ&#039;&#039;; *e &gt; &#039;&#039;o&#039;&#039;; *i &gt; &#039;&#039;u&#039;&#039;) and then delabialized: &#039;&#039;*kpam&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;kɔm&#039;&#039; “canoe”; &#039;&#039;*gbiq&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;guʔ&#039;&#039; “mouth”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Debuccalization and length.&#039;&#039;&#039; The breathy stops *bʰ, *dʰ became &#039;&#039;h&#039;&#039; word-initially and between vowels, and were lost after a vowel before a consonant or word-finally, lengthening that vowel: &#039;&#039;*bʰek&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;heʔ&#039;&#039; “woman”; &#039;&#039;*bʰebʰe&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;hehe&#039;&#039; “grandmother”; &#039;&#039;*abʰfiq&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;aːfiʔ&#039;&#039; “skin”; &#039;&#039;*qodʰ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;qoː&#039;&#039; “we”. Vowel length is thereby phonemic.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Intervocalic voicing.&#039;&#039;&#039; The voiceless stops *p, *t, *k, *q voiced between vowels: &#039;&#039;*meto&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;medo&#039;&#039; “water”; &#039;&#039;*ɲoquᵐb&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;ɲoɢum&#039;&#039; “ash”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Coalescence.&#039;&#039;&#039; The sequences *ao, *ae, *ɔɛ contracted to long vowels: &#039;&#039;*zae&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;zeː&#039;&#039; “straight”; &#039;&#039;*ᵑgao&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;goː&#039;&#039; “louse”; &#039;&#039;*gɔɛ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;gɔː&#039;&#039; “say”.<br /> # &#039;&#039;&#039;Final erosion.&#039;&#039;&#039; After a vowel, word-final stops reduced to &#039;&#039;ʔ&#039;&#039; and word-final *ɣ, *x were lost: &#039;&#039;*bʰat&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;haʔ&#039;&#039; “grass”; &#039;&#039;*ɣɔtsuɣ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;ɣɔtsu&#039;&#039; “axe”; &#039;&#039;*seɣ&#039;&#039; &gt; &#039;&#039;se&#039;&#039; “eye”.<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> South Andusian is the only branch to retain the uvulars (&#039;&#039;q&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;ɢ&#039;&#039; — indeed intervocalic voicing feeds new &#039;&#039;ɢ&#039;&#039;), and it alone keeps &#039;&#039;ɲ&#039;&#039;. It gains the sibilants &#039;&#039;ʃ ʒ&#039;&#039;, the glottals &#039;&#039;ʔ&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;h&#039;&#039; (the latter much extended), and phonemic vowel length; the seven short vowel qualities survive unchanged. Lost: the labiovelar, prenasalized, and breathy series as such, and the palatal stops.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Dictionary:About Proto-Andusian]]<br /> * [[Andusian]]</div>

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